reading frame

Examples of reading frame in the following topics:

• The Initiation Complex and Translation Rate

  • The start codon also establishes the reading frame for the mRNA strand, which is crucial to synthesizing the correct sequence of amino acids.
  • A shift in the reading frame results in mistranslation of the mRNA.
  • Once bound to the mRNA's 5' m7G cap, the 43S complex starts travelling down the mRNA until it reaches the initiation AUG codon at the start of the mRNA's reading frame.

• The Central Dogma: DNA Encodes RNA and RNA Encodes Protein

  • The reading frame for translation is set by the AUG start codon.
  • An enzyme adds one nucleotide to the mRNA strand for every nucleotide it reads in the DNA strand.
  • During transcription, a DNA sequence is read by RNA polymerase, which produces a complementary, antiparallel RNA strand.
  • Ribosomes are able to read the genetic information inscribed on a strand of messenger RNA and use this information to string amino acids together into a protein.

• Genome Evolution

  • A change in the code can result in a frameshift mutation which causes the entire code to be read in the wrong order and thus often results in a protein becoming non-functional.
  • This can result in a shift of reading frame, causing the gene to longer code for the expected protein, a premature stop codon or a mutation in the promoter region.

• mRNA Processing

  • If the process errs by even a single nucleotide, the reading frame of the rejoined exons would shift, and the resulting protein would be dysfunctional.

• The Mechanism of Protein Synthesis

  • When an in-frame AUG is encountered during translation elongation, a non-formylated methionine is inserted by a regular Met-tRNA.
  • The ribosome A site is positioned over the second codon in the mRNA reading frame, and translation elongation can begin.

• The Protein Synthesis Machinery

  • Each mRNA molecule is simultaneously translated by many ribosomes, all reading the mRNA from 5' to 3' and synthesizing the polypeptide from the N terminus to the C terminus.
  • For instance, if the sequence CUA occurred on a mRNA template in the proper reading frame, it would bind a tRNA with an anticodon expressing the complementary sequence, GAU.

• Types of RNA

  • For example, if the DNA strand reads TCCAAGTC, then the mRNA strand would read AGGUUCAG.
  • Once the mRNA has reached the ribosomes, they do not read the instructions directly.
  • It then reads the sequence in sets of three bases called codons.
  • The making of proteins by reading instructions in mRNA is generally known as "translation."

• Blood Pressure

  • The blood pressure of the systole phase and the diastole phase gives the two readings for blood pressure .
  • For example, the typical value for a resting, healthy adult is 120/80, which indicates a reading of 120 mm Hg during the systole and 80 mm Hg during diastole.

• Mechanics of Cellular Differentation

  • Different actors in a movie all read from the same script, but each one only reads their own part of the script.
  • Similarly, all cells contain the same full complement of DNA, but each type of cell only "reads" the portions of DNA that are relevant to its own functioning.

• Phylum Porifera

  • Primarily, their body consists of a thin sheet of cells over a frame (skeleton).