Examples of recombinant DNA in the following topics:
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- In genetic engineering, an organism's genotype is altered using recombinant DNA, created by molecular cloning, to modify an organism's DNA.
- Genetic engineering is the alteration of an organism's genotype using recombinant DNA technology to modify an organism's DNA to achieve desirable traits.
- Recombinant DNA technology, or DNA cloning, is the process of transferring a DNA fragment of interest from one organism to a self-replicating genetic element, such as a bacteria plasmid, which is called a vector.
- The addition of foreign DNA in the form of recombinant DNA vectors generated by molecular cloning is the most common method of genetic engineering.
- The organism that receives the recombinant DNA is called a genetically-modified organism (GMO).
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- In meiosis and mitosis, recombination occurs between similar molecules (homologs) of DNA.
- In both meiotic and mitotic cells, recombination between homologous chromosomes is a common mechanism used in DNA repair.
- Genetic recombination and recombinational DNA repair also occurs in bacteria and archaea.
- Recombination can be artificially induced in laboratory (in vitro) settings, producing recombinant DNA for purposes including vaccine development.
- Recombination can occur between DNA sequences that contain no sequence homology.
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- Addition of an enzyme called DNA ligase permanently joins the DNA fragments via phosphodiester bonds.
- Plasmids with foreign DNA inserted into them are called recombinant DNA molecules because they are created artificially and do not occur in nature.
- Proteins that are expressed from recombinant DNA molecules are called recombinant proteins.
- Not all recombinant plasmids are capable of expressing genes.
- The recombinant DNA may need to be moved into a different vector (or host) that is better designed for gene expression.
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- Transgenic modification, adding recombinant DNA to a species, has led to the expression of desirable genes in plants and animals.
- Animals that have been modified to express recombinant DNA are called transgenic animals.
- Mice have been used extensively for expressing and studying the effects of recombinant genes and mutations.
- Plants that have received recombinant DNA from other species are called transgenic plants.
- Researchers used the natural transfer of DNA from Agrobacterium to a plant host to introduce DNA fragments of their choice into plant hosts.
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- Binary fission does not provide an opportunity for genetic recombination or genetic diversity, but prokaryotes can share genes by three other mechanisms .
- Transduction results in a recombinant organism.
- The DNA transferred can be in the form of a plasmid or as a hybrid, containing both plasmid and chromosomal DNA.
- The DNA may remain separate as plasmid DNA or be incorporated into the host genome.
- In (b) transduction, a bacteriophage injects DNA into the cell that contains a small fragment of DNA from a different prokaryote.
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- The term linkage was used before the discovery of DNA.
- The exchange of DNA between homologous pairs of chromosomes is called genetic recombination, which occurs by the crossing over of DNA between homologous strands of DNA, such as nonsister chromatids.
- The greater the distance between two genes, the higher the chance that a recombination event will occur between them, and the higher the recombination frequency between them .
- Non-coding DNA has no known biological function; however, research shows that much of this DNA is actually transcribed.
- Some parts of the genome are recombination hotspots, whereas others do not show a propensity for recombination.
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- Also, when the offspring's chromosomes are copied after fertilization, genes can be exchanged in a process called sexual recombination.
- Harmless mutations and sexual recombination may allow the evolution of new characteristics.
- Genome size is usually measured in base pairs (or bases in single-stranded DNA or RNA).
- Different species can have different numbers of genes within the entire DNA or genome of the organism.
- Genome size can increase by duplication, insertion, or polyploidization and the process of recombination can lead to both DNA loss or gain.
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- DNA replication is a highly accurate process, but mistakes can occasionally occur as when a DNA polymerase inserts a wrong base.
- The segment of DNA is removed and replaced with the correctly-paired nucleotides by the action of DNA pol.
- Errors during DNA replication are not the only reason why mutations arise in DNA.
- A special enzyme, DNA ligase (shown here in color), encircles the double helix to repair a broken strand of DNA.
- DNA ligases catalyse the crucial step of joining breaks in duplex DNA during DNA repair, replication and recombination, and require either Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) as a cofactor.
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- Gene duplication is the process by which a region of DNA coding for a gene is copied.
- Gene duplication can occur as the result of an error in recombination or through a retrotransposition event.
- The product of this recombination is a duplication at the site of the exchange and a reciprocal deletion.
- Repetitive genetic elements, such as transposable elements, offer one source of repetitive DNA that can facilitate recombination, and they are often found at duplication breakpoints in plants and mammals .
- During replication, DNA polymerase begins to copy the DNA, and at some point during the replication process, the polymerase dissociates from the DNA and replication stalls.
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- Linked genes can become unlinked during recombination; the probability of genes separating depends on their distance from each other.
- When synapsed, homologous chromosomes undergo reciprocal physical exchanges of DNA at their arms in a process called homologous recombination, or more simply, "crossing over."
- A recombination frequency of 0.5 indicates that 50 percent of offspring are recombinants and the other 50 percent are parental types .
- The recombination frequency will be the same as if the genes were on separate chromosomes.
- This genetic map orders Drosophila genes on the basis of recombination frequency.