simulation model

Examples of simulation model in the following topics:

• Modeling Ecosystem Dynamics

  • Conceptual models describe ecosystem structure, while analytical and simulation models use algorithms to predict ecosystem dynamics.
  • In these cases, scientists often use analytical or simulation models.
  • Like analytical models, simulation models use complex algorithms to predict ecosystem dynamics.
  • However, sophisticated computer programs have enabled simulation models to predict responses in complex ecosystems.
  • Compare and contrast conceptual, analytical, and simulation models of ecosystem dynamics

• Studying Ecosystem Dynamics

  • Many different models are used to study ecosystem dynamics, including holistic, experimental, conceptual, analytical, and simulation models.
  • Three basic types of ecosystem modeling are routinely used in research and ecosystem management: conceptual models, analytical models, and simulation models.
  • Analytical and simulation models are mathematical methods of describing ecosystems that are capable of predicting the effects of potential environmental changes without direct experimentation, although with limitations in accuracy.
  • A simulation model is created using complex computer algorithms to holistically model ecosystems and to predict the effects of environmental disturbances on ecosystem structure and dynamics.
  • Differentiate between conceptual, analytical, and simulation models of ecosystem dynamics, and mesocosm and microcosm research studies

• Web, Network, and Ring of Life Models

  • To more accurately describe the phylogenetic relationships of life, web and ring models have been proposed as updates to tree models.
  • This model is often called the "web of life."
  • However, phylogeneticists remain highly skeptical of this model.
  • In the (a) phylogenetic model proposed by W.
  • Describe the web, network, and ring of life models of phylogenetic trees

• Genetic Drift

  • Ten simulations of random genetic drift of a single given allele with an initial frequency distribution 0.5 measured over the course of 50 generations, repeated in three reproductively synchronous populations of different sizes.
  • In these simulations, alleles drift to loss or fixation (frequency of 0.0 or 1.0) only in the smallest population.Effect of population size on genetic drift: Ten simulations each of random change in the frequency distribution of a single hypothetical allele over 50 generations for different sized populations; first population size n=20, second population n=200, and third population n=2000.

• Limitations to the Classic Model of Phylogenetic Trees

  • The concepts of phylogenetic modeling are constantly changing causing limitations to the classic model to arise.
  • The concepts of phylogenetic modeling are constantly changing.
  • New models of these relationships have been proposed for consideration by the scientific community.
  • Many phylogenetic trees have been shown as models of the evolutionary relationship among species.
  • Classical thinking about prokaryotic evolution, included in the classic tree model, is that species evolve clonally.

• Use of Whole-Genome Sequences of Model Organisms

  • Sequencing genomes of model organisms allows scientists to study homologous proteins in more complex eukaryotes, such as humans.
  • By 1997, the genome sequences of two important model organisms were available: the bacterium Escherichia coli K12 and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
  • Much basic research is performed using model organisms because the information can be applied to the biological processes of genetically-similar organisms.
  • It is the most-studied eukaryotic model organism in molecular and cell biology, similar to E. coli's role in the study of prokaryotic organisms.
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a yeast, is used as a model organism for studying signaling proteins and protein-processing enzymes which have homologs in humans.

• Sliding Filament Model of Contraction

  • In the sliding filament model, the thick and thin filaments pass each other, shortening the sarcomere.
  • The sliding filament model describes the process used by muscles to contract.
  • To understand the sliding filament model requires an understanding of sarcomere structure.
  • At the level of the sliding filament model, expansion and contraction only occurs within the I and H-bands.

• Varying Rates of Speciation

  • As their ideas take shape and as research reveals new details about how life evolves, they develop models to help explain rates of speciation.
  • In terms of how quickly speciation occurs, two patterns are currently observed: the gradual speciation model and the punctuated equilibrium model.
  • In the gradual speciation model, species diverge gradually over time in small steps.
  • In the punctuated equilibrium model, a new species changes quickly from the parent species and then remains largely unchanged for long periods of time afterward.
  • This early change model is called punctuated equilibrium, because it begins with a punctuated or periodic change and then remains in balance afterward.

• Defining Population Evolution

  • In this simulation, there is fixation in the blue gene variation within five generations.

• Electron Shells and the Bohr Model

  • Niels Bohr proposed an early model of the atom as a central nucleus containing protons and neutrons being orbited by electrons in shells.
  • An early model of the atom was developed in 1913 by Danish scientist Niels Bohr (1885–1962).
  • The Bohr model shows the atom as a central nucleus containing protons and neutrons with the electrons in circular orbitals at specific distances from the nucleus .
  • The Bohr model was developed by Niels Bohr in 1913.
  • In this model, electrons exist within principal shells.