Al Smith

(noun)

Emanuel "Al" Smith (1873–1944) was an American politician who served as governor of the state of New York four times and was the Democratic U.S. presidential candidate in 1928, a race he lost to Republican Herbert Hoover.

Related Terms

Examples of Al Smith in the following topics:

  • Al Smith and the Election of 1928

    • Democrat Al Smith, the first Roman Catholic presidential nominee, lost the 1928 election in a landslide to Republican Herbert Hoover.
    • Alfred Emanuel "Al" Smith was the Democratic Party’s candidate for president in the election of 1928.
    • In all, Smith carried only six of the 11 states of the former Confederacy.
    • Republican Herbert Hoover defeated Al Smith in the election of 1928 to become the 31st President of the United States.
    • Democrat Al Smith came from humble beginnings in New York City and rose through the political ranks to become a four-time governor of New York state.

  • Cultural Wars of the 1990s

    • It was also a result of the cultural shifts and modernizing trends of the Roaring 20s, culminating in the presidential campaign of Al Smith.

  • Power, Authority, and Violence

    • Joseph Smith Jr., the founder of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS or Mormons) was considered charismatic.
    • King Abdullah bin Abdul al-Saud, King of Saudi Arabia, derived his authority from tradition.
    • Joseph Smith, Jr., founder of Mormonism, derived his authority from his charisma.

  • Additional Readings

    • Savill-Smith (Eds. ), Learning with mobile devices : research and development, a book of papers (pp. 87-93).
    • M., et al. (2004).

  • Religion and Other Social Factors

    • Batson et. al. attributes this to the religious institutions' role in the lives of Americans of African descent.
    • Emerson and Smith convincingly argue that white Evangelical Christians in the U.S., because of their belief in individualism, actually contribute to racial inequality.
    • According to Batson et. al., the relationship between religion and mental health is highly nuanced.
    • Batson et. al. distinguish between three types of religiosity.
    • Batson et. al. add a third – quest religiosity.

  • Theories of Attitude Formation and Change

    • Early research on attitude change drew on Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory, which posits that, when a person is persuaded to act in a way that is not congruent with a pre-existing attitude, he or she may change the attitude to reduce dissonance (Smith & Ragan, 1999).
    • A tendency toward passive viewing of mediated messages may be reduced by instructing students to attend and alerting them to the fact that the content will be tested (Wetzel et al., 1994).
    • They describe attitude as a kind of spectrum with a "latitude of acceptance" surrounding a current attitude; a new position is more likely to be accepted if it falls within this latitude and less likely to be accepted if it does not (Smith & Ragan, 1999).
    • While "attitudes formed through direct experience with the attitude object or issue are more predictive of behavior than those formed more indirectly" (Zimbardo & Leippe, 1991, p. 193), "media can be substitutes for many live experiences" (Wetzel et al., 1994, p. 26).
    • Perhaps the best-known classification was developed by Krathwohl, Bloom, and Masia in 1964 (Smith & Ragan, 1999).

  • References

    • Edwards, A.L. & Porter, B.C. (1972).
    • Smith, P. & Ragan, T.J. (1999).

  • The Concept of Creativity

    • Yet, they can be seen as complementing each other (Sternberg & Lubart, 1995; Finke, Ward & Smith, 1992).
    • A more recent approach to identify the cognitive processes and structures involved in creative thinking is the Geneplore model (Finke, Ward & Smith, 1992).
    • Finke, Ward & Smith (1992) do not insist that all of these processes and "preinventive" structures are necessary during creative cognition.
    • Product constraints have an important impact within the creative thinking processes as defined in the Geneplore model (Finke, Ward, & Smith, 1992, p. 20).
    • Problem construction or redefinition of a problem is seen as a crucial factor towards creative thinking (Mumford et. al., 1991; Sternberg & Lubart, 1995, 1996).

  • References

    • ., & Smith, G. (2000) Do Baseball Players Regress Toward the Mean?

  • Instructional Design for Attitude Change

    • Smith and Ragan (1999) focus on the behavioral aspect of attitude learning and emphasize the importance of three key instructional approaches:
    • Others suggest that "more educated people are better equipped to counter argue and hence less likely to accept or be persuaded by new information" (Ansolabehere et al., 1993, p. 151).
    • However, studies of home television viewing have shown that stories that "deal with topics about which viewers already have some knowledge tend to be remembered better" (Wetzel et al., 1994, p. 53).