Area bombing directive

Examples of Area bombing directive in the following topics:

• The Strategic Bombing of Europe

  • Strategic bombing often involved bombing areas inhabited by civilians and sometimes bombing campaigns were deliberately designed to target civilian populations in order to terrorize, disorganize, and disrupt their usual activities.
  • On February 14, 1942, the Area bombing directive was issued to Bomber Command.
  • Conventionally, the air forces designated as "the target area" a circle having a radius of 1,000 feet around the aiming point of attack.
  • While accuracy improved during the war, survey studies showed that, overall, only about 20% of the bombs aimed at precision targets fell within this target area.
  • The United States Strategic Bombing Survey concluded that the bombing was not stiffening morale but seriously depressing it; fatalism, apathy, defeatism were apparent in bombed areas.

• The Atomic Bomb

  • From 1942 to 1946, the project was under the direction of Major General Leslie Groves of the US Army Corps of Engineers.
  • Two types of atomic bomb were developed during the war.
  • In Hiroshima, an area of approximately 4.7 square miles (12 km2) was destroyed.
  • Following the bombings, Emperor Hirohito intervened and ordered the Supreme Council for the Direction of the War to accept the terms the Allies had set down in the Potsdam Declaration for ending the war.
  • Assess the damages of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and summarize the production of the atomic bomb through the Manhattan Project

• The Middle East

  • Reagan's involvement in the Middle East is most known for the Beirut Barracks Bombing, the 1986 bombing of Libya, and the Iran-Contra affair.
  • His first term was marked by the Beirut Barracks Bombing, while his second term is known for the 1986 bombing of Libya and the revelation of the Iran-Contra affair.
  • A truck bomb that killed 80 civilians in Beirut was alleged to be an American-led retaliation for the Barracks Bombings, although no one in the U.S. has confirmed this.
  • Stating that there was "irrefutable proof" that Libya had directed the "terrorist bombing," Reagan authorized the use of force against the country.
  • The commission could not find direct evidence that Reagan had prior knowledge of the program, but criticized him heavily for his disengagement from managing his staff, making the diversion of funds possible.

• The Final Ledger of Deaths

  • Civilian casualties include deaths caused by strategic bombing, Holocaust victims, German war crimes, Japanese war crimes, population transfers in the Soviet Union, other war crimes, and deaths due to war related famine and disease.
  • An estimated 11 to 17 million civilians died either as a direct or as an indirect result of Nazi ideological policies, including the systematic genocide of around 6 million Jews during the Holocaust, along with a further 5 to 6 million ethnic Poles and other Slavs (including Ukrainians and Belorussians), Roma, homosexuals, and other ethnic and minority groups.
  • The mass-bombing of civilian areas, notably the cities of Warsaw, Rotterdam and London, including the aerial targeting of hospitals and fleeing refugees[335] by the German Luftwaffe, along with the bombing of Tokyo, and German cities of Dresden, Hamburg and Cologne by the Western Allies may be considered as war crimes.

• The Peace Accords and the Legacy of Defeat

  • The 1973 Paris Peace Accords on "Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam" officially ended direct U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War.
  • They ended direct U.S. military involvement and temporarily stopped the fighting between North and South Vietnam.
  • Secretary of State Henry Kissinger wrote in a secret memo to President Gerald Ford that failure in bombing Vietnam was imminent.
  • The inability to bomb Hanoi to the bargaining table also illustrated another U.S. miscalculation.
  • US Air Force B-52 Bombing North Vietnam in Operation Linebacker II

• The Defeat of Japan

  • After the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the Soviet Union declared war on Japan, Emperor Hirohito surrendered.
  • While publicly stating their intent to fight on to the bitter end, Japan's leaders at the Supreme Council for the Direction of the War (the "Big Six") were privately making entreaties to the neutral Soviet Union to mediate peace on terms favorable to the Japanese.
  • Contrary to what had been intended at its conception, the declaration made no direct mention of the Emperor.
  • On August 6, 1945, the United States dropped an atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima.
  • Later that day the United States dropped an atomic bomb on Nagasaki.

• The Truman Presidency

  • He was president during the final months of World War II, making the decision to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
  • After Japan refused surrender, Truman authorized the use of atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
  • (under Truman's direction) dropped two atomic bombs on Japan.

• Increased Cancer Risk from Radiation

  • This association is based largely on studies of Japanese atomic bomb survivors.
  • Direct and indirect damage eventually impact chromosomes and epigenetic factors that control the gene expression.
  • One example of this connection is shown here for Japanese survivors of the atomic bomb.

• Vietnam Becomes Nixon's War

  • The Johnson administration had reached an agreement with the North Vietnamese to suspend bombing in exchange for negotiations without preconditions, but this agreement never fully took effect.
  • The tactical goal of this bombing was to destroy what was believed to be the headquarters of the northern Viet Cong army.
  • Approximately 2,756,941 tons of bombs were dropped on Cambodia over the next five years.
  • In correlation with the bombing campaign, Nixon began efforts to negotiate peace with the North Vietnamese in mid-1969.
  • Cambodia's ports were immediately closed to North Vietnamese military supplies, and the government demanded that the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) and National Liberation Front (NLF) forces, both northern armies, be removed from the border areas within 72 hours.

• Connecting the dots

  • In the years that followed there were even more large-scale terrorist bombings.
  • An increase in catastrophic storms, floods and droughts – and the increasing acidification of the world's oceans – merely adds to overall costs and malaise as well as a profound feeling that humanity is moving in the wrong direction.
  • That being said, eliminating waste, thinking whole-system, and acting in the long term is a big step in the right direction.
  • The areas where sustainability leads.