authorization

Examples of authorization in the following topics:

• Authorization and Appropriation

  • Authorization acts establish, continue, or modify agencies or programs.
  • Authorization acts also authorize subsequent appropriations for specific agencies and programs, often setting spending ceilings for them.
  • Meanwhile, appropriations acts provide new budget authority for programs, activities, and agencies that have been authorized by authorization committees.
  • An unauthorized appropriation is a new budget authority for agencies or programs either without authorization or where the budget authority exceeds the authorized ceiling.
  • Other authorized programs receive no appropriated funds at all.

• Authority

  • Without authority, Britain's power had to be backed by force.
  • Legitimacy is vital to the notion of authority; legitimacy is the main means by which authority is distinguished from more general notions of power.
  • The first type discussed by Weber is rational-legal authority.
  • The second type of authority is traditional authority, which derives from long-established customs, habits, and social structures.
  • The third form of authority is charismatic authority.

• Rational-Legal Authority

  • Rational-legal authority is a form of leadership in which authority is largely tied to legal rationality, legal legitimacy, and bureaucracy.
  • Different forms of authority transfer power in different ways.
  • In traditional authority, power is usually passed on through a family line.
  • Unlike charismatic authority and traditional authority, rational-legal authority derives its powers from the system of bureaucracy and legality.
  • The prerequisites for the modern Western state are the monopoly by a central authority of the means of administration and control; the monopoly of legislative authority; and the organization of officialdom, dependent upon the central authority.

• Traditional Authority

  • Traditional authority refers to a form of leadership in which authority derives from tradition or custom.
  • For example, historically, kings derived their authority from tradition.
  • Traditional authority is a type of leadership in which the authority of a ruling regime is largely tied to tradition or custom.
  • In sociology, the concept of traditional authority comes from Max Weber's tripartite classification of authority.
  • In addition to traditional authority, Weber claimed that the other two styles of authority were charismatic authority and rational-legal authority.

• Power, Authority, and Violence

  • The first type discussed by Weber is Rational-legal authority.
  • Modern societies depend on legal-rational authority.
  • The second type of authority is Traditional authority, which derives from long-established customs, habits and social structures.
  • The third form of authority is Charismatic authority.
  • Charismatic authority is that authority which is derived from a gift of grace, the power of one's personality, or when the leader claims that his authority is derived from a "higher power" (e.g.

• Charismatic Authority

  • Charismatic authority is power legitimized by a leader's exceptional personal qualities, which inspire loyalty and obedience from followers.
  • Charismatic leaders gain authority not because they are necessarily kind, but because they are seen as superhuman.
  • Charismatic authority is one of three forms of authority laid out in Max Weber's tripartite classification of authority.
  • Charismatic authority almost always evolves in the context of boundaries set by traditional or rational-legal authority, but by its nature tends to challenge this authority, and is thus often seen as revolutionary.
  • Routinization is the process by which "charismatic authority is succeeded by a bureaucracy controlled by a rationally established authority or by a combination of traditional and bureaucratic authority. "

• [PF content: About the Authors]

• MLA: In-Text Citations and Parentheticals

  • The parenthetical should include simply the author’s last name (with no first or middle initial).
  • Authors should be presented in the order in which they are listed on the published article.
  • For an article with no known author, use the source title in place of the author's name, formatted as it would be (i.e., italicized or enclosed in quotation marks) in your Works Cited section:
  • If you need to cite multiple publications by different authors in the same sentence, you should list the multiple sources in alphabetical order by author and use a semicolon to separate them.
  • If an author has multiple publications that you want to cite in the same sentence, include the author's name in a signal phrase and the titles of the referenced sources instead in the parentheticals:

• Deciphering an Argument You're Reading

  • ", which means that the author is preparing to introduce the thesis.
  • If you keep the author's thesis in mind, you can figure out who is saying what even if the positional voice of the author seems to suddenly change in a radical way.
  • Why did the author introduce a new voice?
  • How does the author's thesis relate to this quote?
  • When you read, don't just passively accept what the author is saying--read critically.

• Chicago/Turabian (Author–Date): In-Text References and Parentheticals

  • In your paper, when you quote directly from a source in the author's words, or when you paraphrase someone else’s idea, you need to tell the reader where the words and ideas comes from so the original author gets credit.
  • Authors should be presented in the order in which they are listed on the published article.
  • For an article with more than four authors, the first time you cite the article in the text of your paper, you should use only the first author’s name followed by “et al.” and the year of publication.
  • If you need to cite multiple publications by different authors in the same sentence, you should list the multiple sources in alphabetical order by author and use a semicolon to separate them.
  • If within this citation you also have multiple sources by the same author, after that author’s name, separate the multiple dates of publication with a comma, and order them chronologically (earliest to latest).