Carolingian

Examples of Carolingian in the following topics:

• Carolingian Architecture in the Early European Middle Ages

  • Carolingian architecture is characterized by its attempts to emulate late Roman classicism, Christian, and Byzantine styles.
  • Carolingian architecture is the style of northern European Pre-Romanesque architecture belonging to the period of the Carolingian Renaissance of the late eighth and ninth centuries, when the Carolingian dynasty dominated western Europe politically, culturally, and economically.
  • Carolingian architecture is characterized by its conscious attempts to emulate Roman classicism and Late Antiquity architecture.
  • A westwork (German: westwerk) is a monumental, west-facing entrance section of a Carolingian, Ottonian, or Romanesque church.
  • The Palatine Chapel in Aachen demonstrates the Byzantine-influence on Carolingian architecture, evidenced by its octagonal style.

• The End of the Carolingians

  • In the late 9th century, however, the lack of suitable adults among the Carolingians necessitated the rise of Arnulf of Carinthia, an illegitimate child of a legitimate Carolingian king.
  • The Carolingians were displaced in most of the regna of the Empire in 888.
  • Thus West Francia of the Carolingian dynasty became France.
  • His sister Adelaide, the last Carolingian, died in 1122.
  • Carolingian family tree, from the Chronicon Universale of Ekkehard of Aura, 12th century

• Carolingian Metalwork in the Early European Middle Ages

  • Carolingian metalworkers primarily worked with gold, ivory, gems, and other precious materials.
  • Carolingian-era metalworkers primarily worked with gold, gems, ivory, and other precious materials.
  • For instance, luxury Carolingian manuscripts were given treasure bindings and elaborately ornate covers in precious metals set with jewels around central carved ivory panels.
  • Important Carolingian examples of metalwork came out of Charles the Bald's "Palace School" workshop, and include the cover of the Lindau Gospels, the cover of the Codex Aureus of St.
  • Emmeram, 870.Produced by the Carolingian Palace School.

• Carolingian Painting in the Early European Middle Ages

  • Various forms of Carolingian artwork consist of mosaics and frescos which reached a pinnacle of production under the reign of Charlemagne.
  • Carolingian art comes from the Frankish Empire in the period of roughly 120 years from about 780 to 900 CE — during the reign of Charlemagne and his immediate heirs — popularly known as the Carolingian Renaissance.
  • The majority of surviving Carolingian sculpture consists of statues and figures casted in precious metalwork which was discussed in the previous section.
  • Art historians have found that there were numerous other Carolingian frescos in churches and palaces that have since been nearly completely lost.
  • These sites have given art historians some material to study in order to theoretically conceptualize Carolingian paintings.

• Ottonian Architecture in the Early European Middle Ages

  • Ottonian architecture flourished from the 10th-11th centuries and drew inspiration from Carolingian and Byzantine architecture.
  • Originally a ducal family from Saxony, the Ottonians (named after their first king Otto I the Great) seized power after the collapse of Carolingian rule in Europe and re-established the Holy Roman Empire.
  • Ottonian architecture chiefly drew its inspiration from both Carolingian and Byzantine architecture and represents the absorption of classical Mediterranean and Christian architectural forms with Germanic styles.
  • The Ottonians adopted the Carolingian double-ended variation on the Roman basilica, featuring apses at both ends of the church rather than merely one.
  • Cyriakus is one of the few surviving examples of Ottonian architecture and combines Carolingian elements with innovations that anticipate Romanesque architecture.

• Carolingian Illustrated Books in the Early European Middle Ages

  • Illuminated manuscripts are the most numerous surviving works of the Carolingian era.
  • Carolingian narrative images and cycles are rarer, but many do exist.
  • Carolingian manuscripts are presumed to have been produced largely or entirely by clerics in a few workshops around the Carolingian Empire.
  • In the early ninth century, Archbishop Ebo of Rheims assembled clerical artists and transformed Carolingian art.
  • The diocese of Metz was another center of Carolingian art.

• Charlemagne's Reforms

  • He was the main initiator and proponent of the "Carolingian Renaissance," the first of three medieval renaissances.
  • Most of the presently surviving works of classical Latin were copied and preserved by Carolingian scholars.
  • Indeed, the earliest manuscripts available for many ancient texts are Carolingian.
  • It is almost certain that a text that survived to the Carolingian age endures still.
  • Lorsch Abbey gatehouse, c. 800, an example of the Carolingian architectural style, a first, albeit isolated classical movement in architecture.

• Rise of the Holy Roman Empire

  • The title continued in the Carolingian family until 888, and from 896 to 899, after which it was contested by the rulers of Italy in a series of civil wars until the death of the last Italian claimant, Berengar, in 924.
  • After Charlemagne died in 814, the imperial crown was disputed among the Carolingian rulers of Western Francia and Eastern Francia, with first the western king (Charles the Bald) and then the eastern (Charles the Fat) attaining the prize.
  • After the death of Charles the Fat in 888, however, the Carolingian Empire broke apart, and was never restored.
  • After the Carolingian king Louis the Child died without issue in 911, East Francia did not turn to the Carolingian ruler of West Francia to take over the realm, but instead elected one of the dukes, Conrad of Franconia, as Rex Francorum Orientalium.

• The Romanesque Period

  • Romanesque art was affected by shifting political powers following the Carolingian period, and the mobility of peoples during the Crusades.
  • Life became generally less secure after the Carolingian period.
  • The period saw Europe grow steadily more prosperous, and art of the highest quality was no longer confined to the royal court and a small circle of monasteries, as it largely had been in the Carolingian and Ottonian periods.

• Ottonian Painting in the Early European Middle Ages

  • Originally a ducal family from Saxony, the Ottonians (named after their first King Otto I the Great) seized power after the collapse of Carolingian rule in Europe and re-established the Holy Roman Empire.
  • The Ottonian Dynasty desired to confirm a sacred Roman imperial lineage that connected them to the Christian rulers of Late Antiquity such as Constantine and Justinian, as well as to their Carolingian predecessors, particularly Charlemagne.
  • Ottonian art reflected this desire, fusing traditions and influences from late Roman, Byzantine, and Carolingian art.
  • The cross takes its name from the large engraced greenish rock crystal seal near its base, bearing the portrait and name of the Carolingian ruler Lothair II, King of Lotharingia (835-869).