carrying capacity

Examples of carrying capacity in the following topics:

• Logistic Population Growth

  • The formula we use to calculate logistic growth adds the carrying capacity as a moderating force in the growth rate.
  • Thus, population growth is greatly slowed in large populations by the carrying capacity K.
  • In addition, the accumulation of waste products can reduce an environment's carrying capacity.
  • In both examples, the population size exceeds the carrying capacity for short periods of time and then falls below the carrying capacity afterwards.
  • This fluctuation in population size continues to occur as the population oscillates around its carrying capacity.

• Transport of Oxygen in the Blood

  • Most oxygen, 98.5 percent, is bound to a protein called hemoglobin and carried to the tissues.
  • The oxygen-carrying capacity of hemoglobin determines how much oxygen is carried in the blood.
  • In addition, other environmental factors and diseases can also affect oxygen-carrying capacity and delivery; the same is true for carbon dioxide levels, blood pH, and body temperature.
  • Diseases such as sickle cell anemia and thalassemia decrease the blood's ability to deliver oxygen to tissues and its oxygen-carrying capacity.
  • Therefore, the oxygen-carrying capacity is diminished.

• Capacity decisions

  • The question managers must answer for the capacity decision area is the same as the question for inventory: "How much?
  • Long-term capacity decisions involve facilities and major equipment investments.
  • In 2007, Airbus introduced its Super Jumbo Jet that carries up to 850 passengers and costs USD 3 billion.
  • The Super Jumbo provides huge amounts of passenger carrying capacity, but before an airline purchases this jet, it needs to decide if it has enough passengers to generate the revenue to pay for the plane and earn profits for the airline.
  • Capacity decisions also involve short-term situations.

• Capacity Planning

  • Capacity planning revolves around answering the question "How much?
  • Long-term capacity decisions involve facilities and major equipment investments .
  • In 2007, Airbus introduced its Super Jumbo Jet that carries up to 850 passengers and costs USD 3 billion.
  • The Super Jumbo Jet provides huge amounts of passenger carrying capacity, but before an airline purchases this jet, it needs to decide if it has enough passengers to generate the revenue to pay for the plane and earn profits for the airline.
  • Capacity decisions are also required in short-term situations.

• Malthus' Theory of Population Growth

  • In other words, humans would outpace their local carrying capacity, the capacity of ecosystems or societies to support the local population.
  • Malthusians would cite epidemics and starvation in overpopulated urban slums, like this one in Cairo, as natural checks on growing populations that have exceeded the carrying capacities of their local environments.

• Oxygen Transport

  • Hemoglobin is the primary transporter of oxygen with an oxygen binding capacity between 1.36 and 1.37 ml O2 per gram Hgb.
  • The function of Hgb is to provide a binding site for oxygen to carry oxygen throughout the bloodstream to the  systemic tissues for cellular respiration.
  • It has an oxygen binding capacity between 1.36 and 1.37 ml O2 per gram Hgb.
  • The curve starts to plateau at PaO2 higher than 60 mmHG, meaning that increases in PaO2 after that point won't significantly increase saturation, which means that the approximate carrying capacity for oxygen in hemoglobin has been reached and excess oxygen won't go into hemoglobin.
  • The carrying capacity can be increased if more hemoglobin is added to the system, such as through greater red blood cell generation in high altitude, or from blood transfusions.

• Artificial Blood Substitutes

  • Blood substitutes are substances used to mimic the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood, providing an alternative to blood transfusion.
  • Unlike volume expanders, blood substitutes contain both an oxygen-carrying aspect and an isotonic solution that is compatible with natural blood.
  • The first is perfluorocarbons (PFC), chemical compounds which can carry and release oxygen.
  • Thus, the main categories of such oxygen-carrying blood substitutes are hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOC) and perfluorocarbon-based oxygen carriers (PFBOC).
  • Perfluorodecalin was the oxygen-carrying perfluorocarbon in Fluosol, the only blood substitute approved by the US FDA.

• Carbon Dioxide Transport

  • CO2 is carried in blood in three different ways: dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin, or as biocarbonate ion.
  • Carbon dioxide is carried in the blood through three different ways.
  • Carbanimohemoglobin gives red blood cells a bluish color, which is one of the reasons why the veins which carry deoxygenated blood appear to be blue.
  • A property of hemoglobin called the Haldane effect states that deoxygenated blood has increased capacity to carry carbon dioxide, while oxygenated blood has decreased capacity to carry carbon dioxide.
  • This property means that hemoglobin will primarily carry oxygen in systemic circulation until it unloads that oxygen and is able to carry a relatively higher amount of carbon dioxide due to increased capacity to carry carbon dioxide, and from carbon dioxide loaded from the tissues during tissue gas exchange.

• Adjusting Capacity

  • Capacity adjustment takes into account maximum production levels and the alteration of this level depending on how the firm wants to grow.
  • Capacity planning is the process of determining the production capacity needed by an organization to meet changing demands for its products.
  • In the context of capacity planning, "design capacity" is the maximum amount of work that an organization is capable of completing in a given period.
  • Capacity utilization is a concept in economics and managerial accounting that refers to the extent to which an enterprise or a nation actually uses its installed productive capacity.
  • Adjusting capacity will affect the amount of items produced on the assembly line.

• Constant-Pressure Calorimetry

  • We already know our equation relating heat (q), specific heat capacity (C), and the change in observed temperature ($\Delta T$) :
  • We will now illustrate how to use this equation to calculate the specific heat capacity of a substance.
  • The specific heat capacity of the unknown metal is 0.166 $\frac {J} {g ^\circ C}$ .
  • The number of joules of heat released into each gram of the solution is calculated from the product of the rise in temperature and the specific heat capacity of water (assuming that the solution is dilute enough so that its specific heat capacity is the same as that of pure water's).
  • Note that ΔH = qP because the process is carried out at constant pressure.