Code of Hammurabi

Examples of Code of Hammurabi in the following topics:

• Hammurabi's Code

  • The Code of Hammurabi was a collection of 282 laws, written in c. 1754 BCE in Babylon.
  • The Code of Hammurabi is one of the oldest deciphered writings of length in the world, and features a code of law from ancient Babylon in Mesopotamia.
  • Written in about 1754 BCE by the sixth king of Babylon, Hammurabi, the Code was written on stone stele and clay tablets.
  • Some of the provisions may have been codification of Hammurabi's decisions, for the purpose of self-glorification.
  • This basalt stele has the Code of Hammurabi inscribed in cuneiform script in the Akkadian language.

• Babylon

  • Following the collapse of the Akkadians, the Babylonian Empire flourished under Hammurabi, who conquered many surrounding peoples and empires, in addition to developing an extensive code of law and establishing Babylon as a "holy city" of southern Mesopotamia.
  • One of the most important works of this First Dynasty of Babylon was the compilation in about 1754 BCE of a code of laws, called the Code of Hammurabi, which echoed and improved upon the earlier written laws of Sumer, Akkad, and Assyria.
  • Nearly one-half of the Code deals with matters of contract.
  • A third of the code addresses issues concerning household and family relationships.
  • The extent of the Babylonian Empire at the start and end of Hammurabi's reign.

• Babylon

  • Babylon controlled little surrounding territory until it became the capital of Hammurabi's empire a century later .
  • Hammurabi is famous for codifying the laws of Babylonia into the Code of Hammurabi that has had a lasting influence on legal thought .
  • During the reign of Sennacherib of Assyria, Babylonia was in a constant state of revolt, suppressed only by the complete destruction of the city.
  • Map showing the Babylonian territory upon Hammurabi's ascension in 1792 BCE and upon his death in 1750 BCE.
  • The upper part of the stela of Hammurabi's code of laws

• Ur

  • This temple was built in the 21st century BCE, during the reign of Ur-Nammu, and was reconstructed in the 6th century BCE by Nabonidus, the last king of Babylon.
  • It was part of a temple complex that served as an administrative center for the city of Ur, and was dedicated to Nanna, the moon god.
  • After the fall of this empire, Ur was ruled by the barbarian Gutians, until King Ur-Nammu came to power, circa 2047 - 2030 BCE (the Third Dynasty of Ur).
  • Advances during this time included the building of temples, like the Ziggurat, better agricultural irrigation, and a code of laws, called the Code of Ur-Nammu, which preceded the Code of Hammurabi by 300 years.
  • It was ruled by the first dynasty of Babylonia, then part of the Sealand Dynasty, then by the Kassites before falling to the Assyrian Empire from the 10th-7th century BE.

• Lagash and the Third Dynasty of Ur

  • Lagash was one of the oldest cities of the Ancient Near East.
  • One salient feature of Ur III is its establishment of one of the earliest known law-codes, the Code of Ur-Nammu.
  • It prefigures the famous codex of Hammurabi in its prologue and bodily structure.
  • The prologue to the law-code, written in the first person, established the king as the beacon of justice for his land, a role that previous kings normally did not play.
  • Plan indicating the real estate of the city of Umma, with indications of the surfaces of the parts.

• Codes of Conduct

  • Organizations adopt codes of conduct to guide employees' actions and decisions.
  • There are three types of ethical codes: codes of business ethics, codes of conduct for employees, and codes of professional practice.
  • A code of business ethics often focuses on social issues.
  • The effectiveness of such codes of ethics depends on the extent to which management supports and enforces them.
  • A code of practice is adopted to regulate a particular profession.

• Nebuchadnezzar and the Fall of Babylon

  • The Kassite Dynasty ruled Babylonia following the fall of Hammurabi and was succeeded by the Second Dynasty of Isin, during which time the Babylonians experienced military success and cultural upheavals under Nebuchadnezzar.
  • The Fall of the Kassite Dynasty and the Rise of the Second Dynasty of Isin
  • Following the collapse of the First Babylonian Dynasty under Hammurabi, the Babylonian Empire entered a period of relatively weakened rule under the Kassites for 576 years— the longest dynasty in Babylonian history.
  • Nebuchadnezzar I (1124-1103 BCE) was the most famous ruler of the Second Dynasty of Isin.
  • His construction activities are memorialized in building inscriptions of the Ekituš-ḫegal-tila, the temple of Adad in Babylon, and on bricks from the temple of Enlil in Nippur.

• Slave Codes

  • Slave codes were laws that were established in each state to define the status of slaves and the rights of their owners.
  • Occasionally slave codes provided slaves with legal protection in the event of a legal dispute, but only at the discretion of the slave’s owner.
  • The slave codes of the tobacco colonies (Delaware, Maryland, North Carolina, and Virginia) were modeled on the Virginia code established in 1667.
  • Owners refusing to abide by the slave code were fined and forfeited ownership of their slaves.
  • Explain the purpose of slave codes and how they were implemented throughout the United States

• Introduction to Contributor Agreements

  • There are three ways to handle copyright ownership for free code and documentation that were contributed to by many people.
  • The first is to ignore the issue of copyright entirely (I don't recommend this).
  • Note that even under centralized copyright ownership, the code (I'll use "code" to refer to both code and documentation, from now on. ) remains free, because open source licenses do not give the copyright holder the right to retroactively proprietize all copies of the code.
  • The other developers would simply start a fork based on the latest free copy of the code, and continue as if nothing had happened.
  • Because they know they can do this, most contributors cooperate when asked to sign a CLA or an assignment of copyright.

• Describing Qualitative Data

  • Coding is the actual transformation of qualitative data into themes.
  • When coding is complete, the analyst prepares reports via a mix of: summarizing the prevalence of codes, discussing similarities and differences in related codes across distinct original sources/contexts, or comparing the relationship between one or more codes.
  • In these cases, codes are often applied as a layer on top of the data.
  • Quantitative analysis of these codes is typically the capstone analytical step for this type of qualitative data.
  • Analysts respond to this criticism by thoroughly expositing their definitions of codes and linking those codes soundly to the underlying data, therein bringing back some of the richness that might be absent from a mere list of codes.