Concordat of Worms

Examples of Concordat of Worms in the following topics:

• The Investiture Controversy

  • The conflict ended in 1122, when Emperor Henry V and Pope Calixtus II agreed on the Concordat of Worms.
  • Later, he renounced some of the rights of investiture with the Concordat of Worms, abandoned Gregory, and was received back into communion and recognized as legitimate emperor as a result.
  • After fifty years of fighting, the Concordat of Worms provided a lasting compromise when it was signed on September 23, 1122.
  • The Concordat of Worms brought an end to the first phase of the power struggle between the papacy and the Holy Roman emperors, and has been interpreted as containing within itself the germ of nation-based sovereignty that would one day be confirmed in the Treaty of Westphalia (1648).
  • The conflict did not end with the Concordat of Worms.

• The Development of Papal Supremacy

  • During the decline and fall of the Western Roman Empire, and throughout the Middle Ages, the office of pope not only gained supremacy over the entire Christian Church but also developed political power rivaling that of the secular rulers of Europe.
  • The creation of the term "papal supremacy" dates back to the 6th century, at the time of the fall of the Western Roman Empire, which was the beginning of the rise of the bishops of Rome to not just the position religious authority, but the power to be the ultimate ruler of the kingdoms within the Christian community (Christendom), which it has since retained.
  • In 189, assertion of the primacy of the Church of Rome may be indicated in Irenaeus's Against Heresies: "With [the Church of Rome], because of its superior origin, all the churches must agree ... and it is in her that the faithful everywhere have maintained the apostolic tradition."
  • With the exception of Pope Martin I, no pope during this period questioned the authority of the Byzantine monarch to confirm the election of the bishop of Rome before consecration could occur.
  • The conflict ended in 1122, when Emperor Henry V and Pope Calixtus II agreed on the Concordat of Worms, which differentiated between the royal and spiritual powers and gave the emperors a limited role in selecting bishops.

• The Concordat of 1801

• Distribution and Importance of Parasitic Worms

  • Parasitic worms, often the result of horrible illness and disease, appear to have medicinal properties as well.
  • The importance of parasitic worms has come to light in regards to treating various diseases which may benefit from their presence.
  • It is argued that humans have evolved with parasitic worms and there is a mutualistic relationship which mandates the need for parasitic worms to contribute to a healthy immune system.
  • The most common use of parasitic worms for medicinal purposes is in the use against diseases characterized by an overactive immune response.
  • The study showed that parasitic worm infection results in an increase in eosinophils, thus, promoting control of glucose maintenance .

• Helminths

  • Parasitic worms, often referred to as helminths, are a division of eukaryotic parasites.
  • Parasitic worms, often referred to as helminths, are a division of eukaryotic parasites.
  • They are worm-like organisms that live and feed off of living hosts, receiving nourishment and protection while disrupting the nutrient absorption of their hosts, which causes weakness and disease.
  • Response to worm infection in humans is a Th2 response in the majority of cases.
  • List the four groups of parasitic worms (helminths), routes of transmission and risk factors

• Classification and Identification of Helminths

  • Helminths, or parasitic worms, are eukaryotic parasites characterized by their ability to feed and live on living hosts.
  • Helminthsare large, multicellular organisms that are visible to the eye once in the adult stage of their life cycle.
  • Parasitic worms are commonly found within the intestine and thus, are called intestinal parasites.
  • The classification and identification of helminths are dependent on numerous factors including body shape, body cavity, body covering, digestive tubing, sex and type of attachment organs.
  • The sex of nematodes is dioecious (distinct male and female organisms).

• Characteristics of Helminths

  • Helminths are parasitic worms that live and feed on living hosts to receive nourishment and protection which results in illness of the host.
  • Parasitic worms that inhabit the intestinal tract (blood, tissue and organs) of humans are referred to as helminths.
  • The three commonly studied and well-known groups include the intestinal Nematodes (round worms), tapeworms (Cestodes), and blood, tissue and organ flukes (Trematodes).
  • Ascaris lumbricoides, the cause of Ascariasis, is a type of soil transmitted helminth.
  • The eggs will mature and hatch in the soil and the immature worms (larvae) will penetrate the skin of humans if contact is made.

• Phylum Annelida

  • Annelids include segmented worms, such as leeches and earthworms; they are the most advanced worms as they possess a true coelom.
  • The phylum includes earthworms, polychaete worms, and leeches.
  • Annelids show protostomic development in embryonic stages and are often called "segmented worms" due to their key characteristic of metamerism, or true segmentation.
  • Annelids display bilateral symmetry and are worm-like in overall morphology.
  • Hence, they are the most advanced worms.

• Phylum Nemertea

  • Nemertea, or ribbon worms, are distinguished by their proboscis, used for capturing prey and enclosed in a cavity called a rhynchocoel.
  • The Nemertea are colloquially known as ribbon worms.
  • Most nemerteans are carnivores, feeding on worms, clams, and crustaceans.
  • Ribbon worms vary in size from 1 cm to several meters.
  • In some nemertine species, another larva specific to the nemertinis, a pilidium, may develop inside the young worm from a series of imaginal discs.

• Flame Cells of Planaria and Nephridia of Worms

  • As multi-cellular systems evolved to have organ systems that divided the metabolic needs of the body, individual organs evolved to perform the excretory function.
  • Their excretory system consists of two tubules connected to a highly-branched duct system that leads to pores located all along the sides of the body.
  • A pair of nephridia is present on each segment of the earthworm.
  • They are similar to flame cells in that they have tubules with cilia and function like a kidney to remove wastes, but they often open to the exterior of the organism.
  • In the excretory system of the (a) planaria, cilia of flame cells propel waste through a tubule formed by a tube cell.