dependency principle

Examples of dependency principle in the following topics:

• Pascal's Principle

  • Pascal's Principle states that pressure is transmitted and undiminished in a closed static fluid.
  • Pascal's Principle (or Pascal's Law) applies to static fluids and takes advantage of the height dependency of pressure in static fluids.
  • Qualitatively, Pascal's Principle states that pressure is transmitted undiminished in an enclosed static liquid.
  • By Pascal's Principle, P1 = P2, yielding a force exerted by the static fluid of F2, where F2 > F1.
  • Depending on the applied pressure and geometry of the hydraulic press, the magnitude of F2 can be changed.

• Philosophies

  • Quality management adopts a number of management principles that can be used to guide organizations towards improved performance.
  • Quality management adopts a number of management principles that can be used by top management to guide their organizations towards improved performance.
  • The principles include:
  • Customer focus: Since the organizations depend on their customers, they should understand current and future customer needs, should meet customer requirements, and try to exceed the expectations of customers.
  • These eight principles form the basis for the quality management system standard ISO 9001:2008.

• Buoyancy and Archimedes' Principle

  • The buoyant force on an object can be calculated using the Archimedes principle.
  • The reasoning behind the Archimedes principle is that the buoyancy force on an object depends on the pressure exerted by the fluid on its submerged surface.
  • The Archimedes principle is valid for any fluid—not only liquids (such as water) but also gases (such as air).
  • We will explore this further as we discuss applications of the principle in subsequent sections.
  • We use Archimedes' Principle to determine the number of penguins an ice float can dryly support.

• Full-Disclosure Principle

  • The full disclosure principle states information important enough to influence decisions of an informed user should be disclosed.
  • The full disclosure principle states that information important enough to influence the decisions of an informed user of the financial statements should be disclosed.
  • Depending on its nature, companies should disclose this information either in the financial statements, in notes to the financial statements, or in supplemental statements.
  • Another aspect of completeness is fully disclosing all changes in accounting principles and their effects.
  • The financial statements have been prepared using the generally accepted accounting principles which have been consistently applied;

• Current Guidelines for Revenue Recognition

  • The revenue recognition principle is a cornerstone of accrual accounting together with the matching principle.
  • Sales of inventory, which are typically recognized on the date of sale or date of delivery, depending on the shipping terms of the sale
  • The principle allows a better evaluation of the income statement, which shows the revenues and expenses for an accounting period or how much was spent to earn the period's revenue.
  • By following the matching principle, businesses reduce confusion from a mismatch in timing between when costs (expenses) are incurred and when revenue is recognized and realized.
  • Explain how the revenue recognition principle affects how a transaction is recorded

• The Pauli Exclusion Principle

  • The Pauli exclusion principle states that no two fermions can have identical wavefunctions.
  • The Pauli exclusion principle explains a wide variety of physical phenomena.
  • Because the chemical properties of an element largely depend on the number of electrons in the outermost shell, atoms with different numbers of shells but the same number of electrons in the outermost shell still behave similarly.
  • However, according the the Pauli Exclusion Principle, when there are two in a state, there must be one of each.
  • Illustrate how the Pauli exclusion principle partially explains the electron shell structure of atoms.

• The Building-Up (Aufbau) Principle

  • The Aufbau principle determines an atom's electron configuration by adding electrons to atomic orbitals following a defined set of rules.
  • According to the Pauli Exclusion Principle, two electrons in an orbital will not spin the same way.
  • This assumption is approximately true—enough for the principle to be useful—but not physically reasonable.
  • However, the energy of an electron in an atomic orbital depends on the energies of all the other electrons of the atom.
  • The shape of an orbital depends on the energy state of the electron.

• Moral Principles in Management

  • Business ethics deals with the beliefs and principles that guide management decisions.
  • Business ethics (also corporate or professional ethics) is a form of applied ethics that examines the principles and moral beliefs that guide management decisions.
  • Businesses are dependent on their reputations, so it is important for them to have clear and consistent expectations regarding ethical standards to guide employee behavior.
  • Recognize the importance of ethics in the business environment, particularly how individual managers should employ these principles

• Current Guidelines for Expense Recognition

  • For an expense to be recognized under the matching principle, it must be both incurred and offset against recognized revenues.
  • Since most businesses operate using accrual basis accounting, expense recognition is guided by the matching principle.
  • Under the matching principle, the expense related to the raw material is not incurred until delivery.
  • When these expenses are recognized depends on what goods or services are related to the cost in question.
  • Explain how accrual accounting uses the matching principle for expense recognition

• Reinforcement Principles