Examples of ecological correlation in the following topics:
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- Ecological fallacy can refer to the following statistical fallacy: the correlation between individual variables is deduced from the correlation of the variables collected for the group to which those individuals belong.
- Then, even if at the individual level there is negative correlation between suicidal tendencies and Protestantism, there can be a positive correlation at the aggregate level.
- However, an ecological fallacy would happen if a city council deduces the impact of an increase in the police force on the crime rate at the city level from the correlation at the state level.
- Some researchers suggest that the ecological correlation gives a better picture of the outcome of public policy actions, thus they recommend the ecological correlation over the individual level correlation for this purpose.
- A striking ecological fallacy is Simpson's paradox, diagramed in .
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- State the relationship between the correlation of Y with X and the correlation of X with Y
- A correlation of -1 means a perfect negative linear relationship, a correlation of 0 means no linear relationship, and a correlation of 1 means a perfect positive linear relationship.
- Pearson's correlation is symmetric in the sense that the correlation of X with Y is the same as the correlation of Y with X.
- For example, the correlation of Weight with Height is the same as the correlation of Height with Weight.
- For instance, the correlation of Weight and Height does not depend on whether Height is measured in inches, feet, or even miles.
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- Factoring methods operate on the variance/covariance or correlation matrices among actors and events.
- When the connections of actors to events is measured at the binary level (which is very often the case in network analysis) correlations may seriously understate covariance and make patterns difficult to discern.
- In the lower right we have some propositions regarding Indian casino gambling (68 and 70) and two propositions regarding ecological/conservation issues (40 and 50).
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- Within the discipline of ecology, researchers work at four specific levels, sometimes discretely and sometimes with overlap.
- There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agroecology, agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, fisheries), city planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction (human ecology).
- There are also many subcategories of ecology, such as ecosystem ecology, animal ecology, and plant ecology, which look at the differences and similarities of various plants in various climates and habitats.
- In addition, physiological ecology, or ecophysiology, studies the responses of the individual organism to the environment, while population ecology looks at the similarities and dissimilarities of populations and how they replace each other over time.
- Finally, it is important to note that ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, natural history, or environmental science.
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- Ecological pyramids, which can be inverted or upright, depict biomass, energy, and the number of organisms in each trophic level.
- Ecological pyramids show the relative amounts of various parameters (such as number of organisms, energy, and biomass) across trophic levels.
- Ecological pyramids can also be called trophic pyramids or energy pyramids.
- All types of ecological pyramids are useful for characterizing ecosystem structure.
- Ecological pyramids depict the (a) biomass, (b) number of organisms, and (c) energy in each trophic level.
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- For microbiologists, it is critical to study microbial adaptation to different environments and their function in those environments to understand global microbial diversity, ecology, and evolution.
- These samplings create a starting point to understand how the abundance and composition of microbial communities correlate with climatic perturbations, interact to effect ecosystem processes, and influence human health.
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- Although the random values of a stochastic process at different times may be independent random variables, in most commonly considered situations they exhibit complicated statistical correlations.
- Random walks explain the observed behaviors of processes in such fields as ecology, economics, psychology, computer science, physics, chemistry, biology and, of course, statistics.
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- A correlation can be positive/direct or negative/inverse.
- Ice cream consumption is positively correlated with incidents of crime.
- It is important to not confound a correlation with a cause/effect relationship.
- This diagram illustrates the difference between correlation and causation, as ice cream consumption is correlated with crime, but both are dependent on temperature.
- Thus, the correlation between ice cream consumption and crime is spurious.
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- To illustrate the nature of rank correlation, and its difference from linear correlation, consider the following four pairs of numbers $(x, y)$:
- This means that we have a perfect rank correlation and both Spearman's correlation coefficient and Kendall's correlation coefficient are 1.
- This graph shows a Spearman rank correlation of 1 and a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.88.
- In contrast, this does not give a perfect Pearson correlation.
- Define rank correlation and illustrate how it differs from linear correlation.
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- We denote the correlation by R.
- Figure 7.10 shows eight plots and their corresponding correlations.
- The correlation is intended to quantify the strength of a linear trend.
- Sample scatterplots and their correlations.
- Sample scatterplots and their correlations.