Eighteenth-century republicanism

Examples of Eighteenth-century republicanism in the following topics:

• The Soul of a Republic

  • Eighteenth century republicanism in the United States prioritized political participation, commitment to the common good, and individual virtue.
  • Eighteenth-century US republicanism held that liberty and property were constantly threatened by corruption in the form of patronage, factions, standing armies, established churches, and monied interests.
  • Civic virtue became a matter of public interest and discussion during the 18th century, in part because of the American Revolutionary War.
  • Adams also worried that financial interests could conflict with republican duty.
  • The 18th-century United States had the widest franchise of any nation of the world.

• Women and Education

  • In the early nineteenth century, large discrepancies existed between the educational opportunities for men and women.
  • With a growing emphasis on republicanism, women were expected to help promote these values through an idea that became known in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries as "Republican Motherhood."
  • By the early nineteenth century, towns and cities were making new opportunities available for white girls and women.
  • There also were many private coeducational universities founded in the nineteenth century, especially west of the Mississippi River.
  • Lydia Maria Child, pictured above, helped popularize the idea of "Republican Motherhood," which called for improved education for females.

• Architecture

  • Neoclassical architecture is an architectural style that was produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-eighteenth century.
  • Ange-Jacques Gabriel was the Premier Architecte at Versailles, and his neoclassical designs for the royal palace dominated mid eighteenth-century French architecture .
  • After the French Revolution, the second phase of neoclassicism was expressed in the late eighteenth-century Directoire style.
  • The Directoire style reflected the Revolutionary belief in the values of republican Rome: "The stoic virtues of Republican Rome were upheld as standards not merely for the arts but also for political behaviour and private morality...
  • There is an anti-Rococo strain that can be detected in some European architecture of the earlier eighteenth century.

• Neoclassical Architecture

  • Neoclassical architecture, which  began in the mid-eighteenth century, looks to the classical past of the Graeco-Roman era, the Renaissance, and classicized Baroque to convey a new era based on Enlightenment principles.
  • Ange-Jacques Gabriel was the Premier Architecte at Versailles, and his Neoclassical designs for the royal palace dominated mid eighteenth-century French architecture.
  • After the French Revolution, the second phase of Neoclassicism was expressed in the late eighteenth-century Directoire style.
  • The Directoire style reflected the Revolutionary belief in the values of republican Rome.
  • There is an anti-Rococo strain that can be detected in some European architecture of the earlier eighteenth century.

• Painting and Sculpture

  • Eighteenth-century French painting and sculpture was dominated by the Rococo and Neoclassical styles of art.
  • Eighteenth-century French art was dominated by the Rococo and Neoclassical art.
  • Rococo, also referred to as Late Baroque, is an eighteenth-century artistic movement and style, which developed in Paris as a reaction against the grandeur, symmetry and strict regulations of the Baroque, especially that of the Palace of Versailles.
  • The middle of the eighteenth century saw a turn to Neoclassicism in France, that is to say a conscious use of Greek and Roman forms and iconography as opposed to the light pastels of the Rococo style.
  • During the French Revolution, the Greek and Roman subject matters were also often chosen to promote the values of republicanism over the frivolous Rococo art of the nobility.

• Revolution in France

  • The latter half of the eighteenth century continued to see French preeminence in Europe, particularly through the arts and sciences, and the French language was the lingua franca of the European courts.
  • Before the onset of the French Revolution, the middle of the eighteenth century saw a turn to Neoclassicism in France, that is to say a conscious use of Greek and Roman forms and iconography.
  • The Greek and Roman subject matters were also often chosen to promote the values of French republicanism during the revolutionary period.
  • David's painting of the assassination of Jean-Paul Marat, for instance, depicts the revolutionary leader as a republican martyr .
  • These Romantic tendencies continued throughout the century.

• Republican Motherhood

  • "Republican Motherhood" is a twentieth-century term describing an attitude toward the role of women in the emerging United States before, during, and after the American Revolution.
  • It centered on the belief that the patriots' daughters should be raised to uphold the ideals of republicanism in order to pass on republican values to the next generation.
  • "Republican Motherhood" describes a kind of civic duty.
  • The early seeds of the concept are found in the works of John Locke, a notable eighteenth-century philosopher.
  • By the early nineteenth century, towns and cities were making new opportunities available for girls and women.

• German Migration

  • German immigrants began settling in New England at the beginning of the eighteenth century, but soon settled mostly in Pennsylvania.
  • Despite this, many of the German settlers were loyalists during the Revolution, possibly because they feared their royal land grants would be taken away by a new republican government, or because of loyalty to a British German monarchy who had provided the opportunity to live in a liberal society.

• The Prohibition Movement

  • It was promoted by the "dry" crusaders, a movement led by rural Protestants and social Progressives in the Democratic and Republican parties, and was coordinated by the Anti-Saloon League, and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union.
  • Her influence was instrumental in the passage of the Eighteenth (Prohibition) and Nineteenth (Women Suffrage) Amendments to the U.S.
  • Prohibition was mandated under the Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S.
  • The Eighteenth Amendment was repealed on December 5, 1933, with ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment to the U.S.
  • A persistent criticism is that Prohibition led to unintended consequences such as the growth of urban crime organizations and a century of Prohibition-influenced legislation.

• Al Smith and the Election of 1928

  • While Tammany had gained an infamous name in the mid-19th century for graft and political corruption, Smith’s reputation remained untarnished despite owing much of his political success as a county sheriff, New York City alderman, state assemblyman, and finally governor to Tammany support.
  • Davis, who went on to lose the general election to Republican Calvin Coolidge.
  • The inroads made by the Republican ticket in the South were stunning.
  • Texas had never been carried by a Republican before, whereas the electoral votes of North Carolina and Virginia had not been awarded to a Republican since 1872, nor those of Florida since 1876.
  • Shades of red are for Hoover (Republican) and shades of blue are for Smith (Democratic).