epidural space

Examples of epidural space in the following topics:

• Epidural Anesthesia

  • An epidural, or epidural anesthesia, is a form of regional anesthesia involving injection of drugs into the epidural space.
  • The term epidural is often short for epidural anesthesia, a form of regional anesthesia involving injection of drugs through a catheter placed into the epidural space.
  • The epidural space is the space inside the bony spinal canal, but outside of the spinal cord.
  • A spinal needle is then advanced into the epidural space .
  • The catheter is a fine plastic tube, through which anesthetics may be injected into the epidural space .

• Overview of the Spinal Cord

  • The spinal cord, protected by the vertebral column, begins at the occipital bone and extends down to the space between the first and second lumbar vertebrae.
  • The space between the dura mater and the surrounding bone of the vertebrae is called the epidural space.
  • The epidural space is filled with adipose tissue and contains a network of blood vessels.
  • The space between the arachnoid and pia maters is called the subarachnoid space and is where the CSF is located.
  • This central region surrounds the central canal, which is an anatomic extension of the spaces in the brain known as the ventricles and like the ventricles, contains cerebrospinal fluid.

• Analgesia: Relief from Pain

  • The term "epidural" is a simplified term that refers to the technique of epidural analgesia.
  • In this technique, a catheter is inserted 4-6cm into the epidural space (the outermost part of the spinal canal, outside the dura matter), allowing analgesics (typically opioids) and anesthetics to be injected directly into the nervous system.
  • As with intravenous (IV) needles, epidural catheters may be left inserted for several days so that multiple doses of medicine can be administered with only one puncture point.
  • Epidurals in the lumbar region are typically placed in the iliac crest, well below the terminus of the spinal cord.

• Spinal Tap

  • A spinal needle is inserted between the lumbar vertebrae L3/L4 or L4/L5 and pushed into the subarachnoid space.
  • It can be treated by further bedrest, or by an epidural blood patch, where the patient's own blood is injected back into the site of leakage to form a clot and seal off the leak.
  • They include spinal or epidural bleeding and trauma to the spinal cord or spinal nerve roots resulting in weakness or loss of sensation, or even paraplegia.
  • The latter is exceedingly rare, since the level at which the spinal cord ends is several vertebral spaces above the proper location for a lumbar puncture.

• Meninges

  • In the region of the brain, particularly, a large number of fine filaments called arachnoid trabeculae pass from the arachnoid through the subarachnoid space to blend with the tissue of the pia mater.
  • The subarachnoid space is the space that normally exists between the arachnoid and the pia mater, which is filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
  • When the dura mater and the arachnoid separate through injury or illness, the space between them is the subdural space.
  • An epidural hematoma similarly may arise after an accident or spontaneously.

• Oxytocin and Childbirth

  • If an epidural is requested it is usually given in this phase.
  • Surgery is usually done while the woman is awake but anesthetized from the chest to the legs by epidural or spinal anesthesia.

• Space

• The Space Race

• The Impact of the Office Environment on Employee Communication

  • Work places are typically divided into three physical areas: work spaces, meeting spaces, and support spaces.
  • Small meeting space – An open or semi-open space for two to four persons, suitable for short, informal interaction
  • Filing space – An open or enclosed space for storing frequently used files and documents
  • Storage space – An open or enclosed space for storing commonly used office supplies
  • Circulation space – Space which is required for circulation on office floors, linking all major functions

• Personal Space

  • An example of the cultural determination of personal space is how urbanites accept the psychological discomfort of someone intruding upon their personal space more readily than someone unused to urban life.
  • Living in the city alters the development of one's sense of personal space.
  • Most people value their personal space and feel discomfort, anger, or anxiety when that space is encroached.
  • Permitting a person to enter personal space and entering somebody else's personal space are indicators of how the two people view their relationship.
  • Moreover, individual sense of space has changed historically as the notions of boundaries between public and private spaces have evolved over time.