Examples of fallacy in the following topics:
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- A fallacy is an error in reasoning; there are two basic categories of fallacies--formal and informal.
- A fallacy is an error in reasoning.
- There are two basic categories of fallacies--formal and informal.
- An argument that contains a formal fallacy will always be invalid.
- Some of the more frequent common logical fallacies are:
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- The regression fallacy fails to account for natural fluctuations and rather ascribes cause where none exists.
- The regression (or regressive) fallacy is an informal fallacy.
- It is frequently a special kind of the post hoc fallacy.
- Assuming the pain relief was caused by the doctor is fallacious.
- Incidentally, some experiments have shown that people may develop a systematic bias for punishment and against reward because of reasoning analogous to this example of the regression fallacy.
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- The Collins' case is a prime example of a phenomenon known as the prosecutor's fallacy—a fallacy of statistical reasoning when used as an argument in legal proceedings.
- At its heart, the fallacy involves assuming that the prior probability of a random match is equal to the probability that the defendant is innocent.
- For example, if a perpetrator is known to have the same blood type as a defendant (and 10% of the population share that blood type), to argue solely on that basis that the probability of the defendant being guilty is 90% makes the prosecutors's fallacy (in a very simple form).
- The basic fallacy results from misunderstanding conditional probability, and neglecting the prior odds of a defendant being guilty before that evidence was introduced.
- The Collins case is a classic example of the prosecutor's fallacy.
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- An ecological fallacy is an interpretation of statistical data where inferences about individuals are deduced from inferences about the group as a whole.
- Ecological fallacy can refer to the following statistical fallacy: the correlation between individual variables is deduced from the correlation of the variables collected for the group to which those individuals belong.
- Ecological fallacy can also refer to the following fallacy: the average for a group is approximated by the average in the total population divided by the group size.
- A striking ecological fallacy is Simpson's paradox, diagramed in .
- Discuss ecological fallacy in terms of aggregate versus individual inference and give specific examples of its occurrence.
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- As with any logical fallacy, identifying that the reasoning behind an argument is flawed does not imply that the resulting conclusion is false.
- The cum hoc ergo propter hoc logical fallacy can be expressed as follows:
- In this type of logical fallacy, one makes a premature conclusion about causality after observing only a correlation between two or more factors.
- This is a logical fallacy because there are at least five possibilities:
- While well-established, this relationship is still susceptible to logical fallacy due to the complexity of the system.
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- When the process is flawed, there may be a statistical fallacy.
- Though many researches, scientists, pollsters, and investigators do their best to avoid fallacies, the possibility always exists that one may be proven.
- Since it is very easy to unintentionally lie by not explaining all the nuances of the evidence and it is very easy to use evidence that may contain fallacies, it is the duty of every speaker to consider the viability of opposing viewpoints before rejecting them.
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- This is called the gambler's fallacy.
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- It may also be used as shorthand for an error in analysis due to the sunk cost fallacy, irrational decision-making or, most simply, as irrelevant data.
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- Furthermore, the Articles included certain fallacies.
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- Managers must be aware of their own logical and perceptive fallacies and the biases of others.