Examples of free-electron laser in the following topics:
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- A laser is a device that emits monochromatic light (electromagnetic radiation).
- Principles of laser operation are largely based on quantum mechanics.
- (One exception would be free-electron lasers, whose operation can be explained solely by classical electrodynamics. ) When an electron is excited from a lower-energy to a higher-energy level, it will not stay that way forever.
- An electron in an excited state may decay to an unoccupied lower-energy state according to a particular time constant characterizing that transition.
- Identify process that generates laser emission and the defining characteristics of laser light
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- A laser consists of a gain medium, a mechanism to supply energy to it, and something to provide optical feedback.
- When lasers were invented in 1960, they were called "a solution looking for a problem. " Nowadays, lasers are ubiquitous, finding utility in thousands of highly varied applications in every section of modern society, including consumer electronics, information technology, science, medicine, industry, law enforcement, entertainment, and the military.
- Having examined stimulated emission and optical amplification process in the "Lasers, Applications of Quantum Mechanics" section, this atom looks at how lasers are built.
- There are many types of lasers depending on the gain media and mode of operation .
- Laser types with distinct laser lines are shown above the wavelength bar, while below are shown lasers that can emit in a wavelength range.
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- Electronic presentations can incorporate photographs, sounds, charts, guided outlines, and other features to help maintain audience attention and clarify or demonstrate complicated ideas.
- If a conversation is taking place via an electronic medium, problems with technology (like a buzzing phone line or slow Internet connection) can likewise limit communication.
- The speaker has the right to request that the audience comply with his or her desire to have a distraction-free environment.
- The speech should not include too many sources of visual stimulation such as visual aids, PowerPoints, charts, laser pointers, etc.
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- The electron configuration is the distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule in atomic or molecular orbitals.
- The electron configuration is the distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule in atomic or molecular orbitals.
- Electron configurations describe electrons as each moving independently in an orbital, in an average field created by all other orbitals.
- However, the electronic wave function is usually dominated by a very small number of configurations and therefore the notion of electronic configuration remains essential for multi-electron systems.
- In bulk materials this same idea helps explain the peculiar properties of lasers and semiconductors.
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- It involves the use of a laser, interference, diffraction, light intensity recording and suitable illumination of the recording.
- A hologram requires a laser as the sole light source.
- Laser is required as a light source to produce an interference pattern on the recording plate.
- Holography requires a specific exposure time, which can be controlled using a shutter, or by electronically timing the laser
- Process: When the two laser beams reach the recording medium, their light waves intersect and interfere with each other.
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- The behavior of the subatomic particles (electrons, protons, neutrons, photons, and others) that make up all forms of matter can often be satisfactorily described only using quantum mechanics.
- Examples include the laser , the transistor (and thus the microchip), the electron microscope, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
- The study of semiconductors led to the invention of the diode and the transistor, which are indispensable parts of modern electronic systems and devices.
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- This reflects the stability of their electron configuration and points again to their relative lack of chemical reactivity.
- The noble gases are also used in excimer lasers, which are based on short-lived electronically excited molecules known as excimers.
- Excimer lasers have many industrial, medical, and scientific applications.
- They are used for microlithography and microfabrication, which are essential for integrated circuit manufacturing; and for laser surgery, including laser angioplasty and eye surgery.
- The electron configuration of Neon (Ne), with two complete energy levels, 1s2 and 2s2 2p6.
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- There are many types of microscopes: optical microscopes, transmission electron microscopes, scanning electron microscopes and scanning probe microscopes.
- Transmission Electron Microscope: The TEM passes electrons through the sample, and allows people to see objects that are normally not seen by the naked eye .
- Scanning Electron Microscopes: Referred to as SEM, these microscopes look at the surface of objects by scanning them with a fine electron beam .
- The electron beam of the microscope interacts with the electrons in the sample and produces signals that can be detected and have information about the topography and composition.
- The deflection of the tip is then measured using a laser spot that is reflected from the surface of the cantilever .
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- This is because the elements are listed in part by their electron configuration.
- The alkali metals and alkaline earth metals have one and two valence electrons (electrons in the outer shell), respectively; because of this, they lose electrons to form bonds easily and so are very reactive.
- In atomic physics and quantum chemistry, the electron configuration is the distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule in atomic or molecular orbitals.
- In bulk materials, this same idea helps explain the peculiar properties of lasers and semiconductors.
- As electrons are added, they assume their most stable positions (electron orbitals) with respect to the nucleus and the electrons that are already there.
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- There are many variations of laser cooling, but they all use radiation pressure to remove energy from atomic gases (and therefore cool the sample).
- In laser cooling (sometimes called Doppler cooling), the frequency of light is tuned slightly below an electronic transition in the atom.
- Thus if one applies light from two opposite directions, the atoms will always scatter more photons from the laser beam pointing opposite to their direction of motion (typical setups applies three opposing pairs of laser beams as in ).
- Simple laser cooling setups can produce a cold sample of atomic gases at around 1mK (=10-3 K) starting from a room temperature gas.