frontal plane

Examples of frontal plane in the following topics:

• Animal Body Planes and Cavities

  • A sagittal plane divides the body into right and left portions.
  • A frontal plane (also called a coronal plane) separates the front (ventral) from the back (dorsal).
  • A transverse plane (or, horizontal plane) divides the animal into upper and lower portions.
  • Shown are the planes of a quadruped goat and a bipedal human.
  • The frontal plane divides the front and back, while the transverse plane divides the body into upper and lower portions.

• Body Planes and Sections

  • There are three basic reference planes used in anatomy: the sagittal plane, the coronal plane, and the transverse plane.
  • Body planes are hypothetical geometric planes used to divide the body into sections.
  • The coronal plane (frontal or Y-X plane) divides the body into dorsal and ventral (back and front) portions.
  • A longitudinal plane is any plane perpendicular to the transverse plane, while parasaggital planes are parallel to the saggital plane.
  • The coronal plane, the sagittal plane, and the parasaggital planes are examples of longitudinal planes.

• Uterus

  • The uterus is in the middle of the pelvic cavity in frontal plane (due to ligamentum latum uteri).

• Cerebral Hemispheres and Lobes of the Brain

  • The brain is separated into four lobes: the frontal, temporal, occipital, and parietal lobes.
  • The frontal lobe is associated with executive functions and motor performance.
  • The frontal lobe is considered to be the moral center of the brain because it is responsible for advanced decision-making processes.
  • Clockwise from left: The frontal lobe is in blue at the front, the parietal lobe in yellow at the top, the occipital lobe in red at the back, and the temporal lobe in green on the bottom.
  • The Broca's area is at the back of the frontal lobe, and the Wernicke's area is roughly where the temporal lobe and parietal lobe meet.

• Spherical and Plane Waves

  • Spherical waves come from point source in a spherical pattern; plane waves are infinite parallel planes normal to the phase velocity vector.
  • A plane wave is a constant-frequency wave whose wavefronts (surfaces of constant phase) are infinite parallel planes of constant peak-to-peak amplitude normal to the phase velocity vector .
  • It is not possible in practice to have a true plane wave; only a plane wave of infinite extent will propagate as a plane wave.
  • However, many waves are approximately plane waves in a localized region of space.
  • Plane waves are an infinite number of wavefronts normal to the direction of the propogation.

• Vectors in the Plane

  • Vectors are needed in order to describe a plane and can give the direction of all dimensions in one vector equation.
  • Planes in a three dimensional space can be described mathematically using a point in the plane and a vector to indicate its "inclination".
  • As such, the equation that describes the plane is given by:
  • which we call the point-normal equation of the plane and is the general equation we use to describe the plane.
  • This plane may be described parametrically as the set of all points of the form$\mathbf R = \mathbf {R}_0 + s \mathbf{V} + t \mathbf{W}$, where $s$ and $t$ range over all real numbers, $\mathbf{V}$ and $\mathbf{W}$ are given linearly independent vectors defining the plane, and $\mathbf{R_0}$ is the vector representing the position of an arbitrary (but fixed) point on the plane.

• Equations of Lines and Planes

  • A line is a vector which connects two points on a plane and the direction and magnitude of a line determine the plane on which it lies.
  • A line is essentially a representation of a cross section of a plane, or a two dimensional version of a plane which is a three dimensional object.
  • The components of equations of lines and planes are as follows:
  • This direction is described by a vector, $\mathbf{v}$, which is parallel to plane and $P$ is the arbitrary point on plane $M$.
  • where $t$ represents the location of vector $\mathbf{r}$ on plane $M$.

• Tangent Planes and Linear Approximations

  • The tangent plane to a surface at a given point is the plane that "just touches" the surface at that point.
  • Similarly, the tangent plane to a surface at a given point is the plane that "just touches" the surface at that point.
  • Note the similarity of the equations for tangent line and tangent plane.
  • Since a tangent plane is the best approximation of the surface near the point where the two meet, tangent plane can be used to approximate the surface near the point.
  • The tangent plane to a surface at a given point is the plane that "just touches" the surface at that point.

• Cerebral Lobes

  • The cortex is divided into four main lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal.
  • The frontal lobe contains most of the dopamine-sensitive neurons in the cerebral cortex.
  • The frontal lobe is considered to contribute to our most human qualities.
  • Damage to the frontal lobe can result in changes in personality and difficulty planning.
  • The frontal lobes are the most uniquely human of all the brain structures.

• Romanesque Sculpture

  • Large reliquaries and altar frontals were built around a wooden frame, but smaller caskets were made entirely of metal and enamel.
  • The resultant surface had two main planes and details that were usually incised.