Hypervariable region

Examples of Hypervariable region in the following topics:

• Nucleic Acid Sequencing and rRNA Analysis

  • In these articles, one pair of primers (although many of them are designed, and provide different results) is used to amplify a region of the 16S rRNA gene.
  • In addition to highly conserved primer binding sites, 16S rRNA gene sequences contain hypervariable regions that can provide species-specific signature sequences useful for bacterial identification.

• Antibodies: Classes and Affinity Maturation

  • Differences between the variable domains are located on three loops known as hypervariable regions (HV-1, HV-2 and HV-3) or complementarity determining regions (CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3).
  • CDRs are supported within the variable domains by conserved framework regions.
  • Only the constant region of the antibody heavy chain changes during class switching; the variable regions, and therefore antigen specificity, remain unchanged.
  • This mechanism relies on conserved nucleotide motifs, called switch (S) regions, found in DNA upstream of each constant region gene (except in the δ-chain).
  • The DNA strand is broken by the activity of a series of enzymes at two selected S-regions.

• Antibody Proteins and Antigen Binding

  • Heavy and light chains, variable and constant regions of an antibody
  • The constant region determines the class of an immunoglobulin.
  • This region is known as the hypervariable region.
  • The variable domain is also referred to as the FV region, and is the most important region for binding to antigens.
  • Scheme of an IgM/IgE with its costant (C) and variable (V) regions: 1) antigen binding fragment 2) Fab region 3) Fc regionblue: heavy chainsyellow: light chains

• Antibody Genes and Diversity

  • This region is known as the hypervariable region.
  • The first stage is called somatic, or V(D)J, which stands for variable, diverse, and joining regions recombination.
  • Several sets of genes are located within each of the three regions.
  • This segment, along with a constant region gene, forms the basis for subsequent antibody production.
  • Somatic hypermutation involves a programmed process of mutation affecting the variable regions of immunoglobulin genes.

• Structure and Function of Antibodies

  • The paratope is considered to be a hypervariable region, and has the same specificity and antigen binding affinity as the B cell receptor of the B cell that created the antibody.
  • In some isotypes, the tail end of the antibody is called the constant region, which faces away from the "Y-shaped" paratobe ends, functions as an Fc tail that phagocytes can bind to.

• T Cell Receptors

  • Each alpha and beta chain consists of one variable domain (V), one constant domain (C), a hydrophobic transmembrane region, and a short cytoplasmic region .
  • The V regions of the TCR contain short stretches of amino acids where the variability between different TCRs is concentrated, and these form the hypervariable or complementarity-determining regions (CDRs).
  • T cell receptor consists of alpha and beta chains, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic region.

• Regional Terms and Axes

  • The Appendicular Region makes up the parts of the human body that connect to the axial region.
  • These are the two basic categories of regional terms; however, many other terms are used to describe smaller regions within the axial and appendicular regions.
  • For example, the brachial region consists of the arm as a part of the appendicular region, while the abdominal region consists of the abdomen as a smaller part of the axial region.
  • The abdominal region is subdivided into even smaller regions based on different functions of groups of organs and tissues in that region.
  • Many types of axes can give regional direction.

• Abdominopelvic Regions

  • The most common divisions for the abdominopelvic region are the four quadrants and nine regions.
  • The abdominopelvic region can be divided into four quadrants.
  • Clinicians use these regions to determine the organs and tissues that may be causing pain or discomfort in that region.
  • It is also commonly referred to as the right inguinal region.
  • It is also commonly called the left inguinal region.

• Regional Vertebral Characteristics

  • Vertebrae are given an alphanumeric descriptor, with the initial letter derived from the region they are located in followed by a digit that increases moving down the region.
  • The main function of the cervical region is to facilitate attachment of the skull to the spine, protect the spinal cord over the exposed neck and shoulder region, and support the body.
  • The twelve thoracic vertebrae are located inferiorly to the cervical region.
  • During childhood the five vertebrae of the sacral region are distinct.
  • The final region of the spine is the coccyx, or tailbone.

• General Characteristics of the Spine

  • Vertebrae are given an alphanumeric descriptor, with the initial letter derived from the region they are located in followed by a digit; the digit increases moving down the region.
  • Viewed laterally the vertebral column presents several curves that correspond to the different regions of the column.
  • These are called the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and pelvic regions.
  • The cervical curve covers the region between vertebrae C1 and T2, it is the least marked of all the spinal curves.
  • The thoracic curve covers the region between vertebrae T2 and T12.