integrase

Examples of integrase in the following topics:

• HIV Attachment and Host Cell Entry

  • After HIV has bound to the target cell, the HIV RNA and various enzymes (including reverse transcriptase, integrase, ribonuclease, and protease) are injected into the cell.
  • Steps in the HIV Replication Cycle: Fusion of the HIV cell to the host cell surface.Cell Entry, HIV RNA, reverse transcriptase, integrase, and other viral proteins enter the host cell.Viral DNA is formed by reverse transcription.Viral DNA is transported across the nucleus and integrates into the host DNA.New viral RNA is used as genomic RNA to make viral proteins.New viral RNA and proteins move to cell surface and a new, immature, HIV virus forms.Virus maturation and protease release of individual HIV proteins.

• Pathogenicity Islands

  • They carry functional genes, such as integrases, transposases, or part of insertion sequences, to enable insertion into host DNA.

• Pathogenicity Islands and Virulence Factors

  • They carry functional genes such as integrases, transposases, or part of insertion sequences, to enable insertion into host DNA.

• Double-Stranded RNA Viruses: Retroviruses

  • The DNA is then incorporated into the host's genome by an integrase enzyme.

• Retroviruses and Hepadnavirus

  • Instead of using the RNA for templates of proteins, they use DNA to create the templates, which is spliced into the host genome using integrase.

• Retroviral RNA Genome

  • LTRs mediate integration of the retroviral DNA into another region of the host genome.Key: U3 - promoter region, U5 - recognition site for viral integrase; PBS - primer binding site; PP - polypurine section (polypurine tract); gag, pol, and env.

• Single-Stranded DNA Bacteriophages

  • Lysogenic species, which encode integrases, exist within this family.

• Replicative Cycle of HIV

  • Steps in the HIV Replication Cycle: Fusion of the HIV cell to the host cell surface.Cell Entry, HIV RNA, reverse transcriptase, integrase, and other viral proteins enter the host cell.Viral DNA is formed by reverse transcription.Viral DNA is transported across the nucleus and integrates into the host DNA.New viral RNA is used as genomic RNA to make viral proteins.New viral RNA and proteins move to cell surface and a new, immature, HIV virus forms.Virus maturation and protease release of individual HIV proteins.

• Vaccines and Anti-Viral Drugs for Treatment

  • Drugs have been developed that inhibit the fusion of the HIV viral envelope with the plasma membrane of the host cell (fusion inhibitors), the conversion of its RNA genome into double-stranded DNA (reverse transcriptase inhibitors), the integration of the viral DNA into the host genome (integrase inhibitors), and the processing of viral proteins (protease inhibitors).

• HIV and AIDS

  • The resulting viral DNA is then imported into the cell nucleus and integrated into the cellular DNA by a virally encoded integrase and host co-factors.