intensive property

Examples of intensive property in the following topics:

• Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter

  • Properties of matter can be classified as either extensive or intensive and as either physical or chemical.
  • All properties of matter are either extensive or intensive and either physical or chemical.
  • Both extensive and intensive properties are physical properties, which means they can be measured without changing the substance's chemical identity.
  • Some examples of physical properties are:
  • Recognize the difference between physical and chemical, and intensive and extensive, properties

• Emission

  • As a ray passes through some material its intensity may increase or decrease depending on the properties of the matter.
  • The rate of the former is proportion to the intensity of the beam so it is convenient to lump it with the absorbing properties of the material.
  • As a beam travels through the material, its intensity increases such that

• Scattering

  • The formalism that we have developed so far doesn't allow there to be a correlation between the properties of an absorbed photon and the emitted photon.
  • Notice that the emission rate depends on the radiation field through $J_\nu$ and not solely on the properties of the scatterer through $\sigma_\nu$.
  • The evolution of the intensity of a particular ray depends not only the intensity of the ray and the local properties of the material but also on the intensity of all other rays passing through the same point—we have an integro-differential equation.
  • If you think about things more generally, we had this same problem before introducing scattering because the properties of the emitting and absorbing material usually depend on the radiation field.

• A Physical Aside: Intensity and Flux

  • Using detailed balance between two enclosures in equilibrium with each other and the enclosed radiation we can quickly derive several important properties of blackbody radiation.
  • The intensity ($I_\nu$) of blackbody radiation does not depend on the shape, size or contents of the enclosure.
  • Because the intensity is a universal function of $T$ and $\nu$, we have

• Advantages of Leasing

  • For businesses, leasing property may have significant financial benefits, which are outlined below:
  • Leasing is less capital-intensive than purchasing, so if a business has constraints on its capital, it can grow more rapidly by leasing property than by purchasing property.
  • Leasing shifts risks to the lessor, but if the property market has shown steady growth over time, a business that depends on leased property is sacrificing capital gains.

• Blackbody Radiation

  • However, it is often convenient to characterize the radiation from astrophysical sources by assuming that it is a blackbody and using some property of the blackbody spectrum to derive a characteristic temperature for the radiation.
  • The brightness temperature is determined by equating the brightness or intensity of an astrophysical source to the intensity of a blackbody and solving for the temperature of the corresponding blackbody.
  • This expression is most useful in the regime where the intensity of the blackbody is proportional to the temperature i.e. the Rayleigh-Jeans limit.
  • The brightness temperature has several nice properties.
  • In what regime does the linear relationship between the brightness temperature and the intensity begin to fail?

• Thermodynamics

  • However, it is often convenient to characterize the radiation from astrophysical sources by assuming that it is a blackbody and using some property of the blackbody spectrum to derive a characteristic temperature for the radiation.
  • The brightness temperature is determined by equating the brightness or intensity of an astrophysical source to the intensity of a blackbody and solving for the temperature of the corresponding blackbody.
  • This expression is most useful in the regime where the intensity of the blackbody is proportional to the temperature i.e. the Rayleigh-Jeans limit.Here we have,
  • In what regime does the linear relationship between the brightness temperature and the intensity begin to fail?

• Blackbody Temperatures

  • However, it is often convenient to characterize the radiation from astrophysical sources by assuming that it is a blackbody and using some property of the blackbody spectrum to derive a characteristic temperature for the radiation.
  • The brightness temperature is determined by equating the brightness or intensity of an astrophysical source to the intensity of a blackbody and solving for the temperature of the corresponding blackbody.
  • This expression is most useful in the regime where the intensity of the blackbody is proportional to the temperature i.e. the Rayleigh-Jeans limit.
  • In what regime does the linear relationship between the brightness temperature and the intensity begin to fail?

• Polarization

  • Because $\epsilon_\pm$ is now complex one has to be a bit careful about its orthogonality properties.
  • It is possible to recover this polarization information through intensity measurements.
  • For example, the intensity measured through a polarizing filter aligned along the $1-$direction is $|\epsilon_1 \cdot {\bf E}|^2$.
  • One typically makes a series of intensity measurements through filters and quarter wave plates with different orientations and combines the resulting intensities to form the Stokes parameters, $I,Q,U$ and $V$ or $s_0,s_1,s_2$ and $s_3$.
  • The first parameter measures the total intensity of the wave, the sum of the intensities of the two linearly polarized measurements.

• Riots

  • A riot is a form of civil disorder characterized by disorganized groups lashing out in a sudden and intense rash of violence, vandalism or other crime.
  • Riots typically involve vandalism and the destruction of private and public property.
  • The specific property to be targeted varies depending on the cause of the riot and the inclinations of those involved.