international law

Examples of international law in the following topics:

• Population Transfer

  • Population transfer is the movement of a large group of people from one region to another by state policy or international authority.
  • The view of international law on population transfer underwent considerable evolution during the 20th century.
  • Prior to World War II, a number of major population transfers were the result of bilateral treaties with the support of international bodies such as the League of Nations.
  • There is now little debate about the general legal status of involuntary population transfers, as forced population transfers are now considered violations of international law.
  • Adopted in 1949 and now part of customary international law, Article 49 of Fourth Geneva Convention prohibits mass movement of people out of or into of occupied territory under what it calls "belligerent military occupation":

• The Justinian Code

  • There existed three codices of imperial laws and other individual laws, many of which conflicted or were out of date.
  • All three parts, even the textbook, were given force of law.
  • As a collection it gathers together the many sources in which the laws and the other rules were expressed or published: proper laws, senatorial consults, imperial decrees, case law, and jurists' opinions and interpretations.
  • This revived Roman law, in turn, became the foundation of law in all civil law jurisdictions.
  • The Corpus continues to have a major influence on public international law.

• The First Law

  • The 1st law of thermodynamics states that internal energy change of a system equals net heat transfer minus net work done by the system.
  • The first law of thermodynamics is a version of the law of conservation of energy specialized for thermodynamic systems.
  • In equation form, the first law of thermodynamics is
  • Note also that if more heat transfer into the system occurs than work done, the difference is stored as internal energy.
  • The change in the internal energy of the system, ΔU, is related to heat and work by the first law of thermodynamics, ΔU=Q−W.

• Whistleblower Protection

  • The alleged misconduct may take a variety of forms; for example, a violation of a law, rule, or regulation, or a direct threat to public interest, such as fraud, health and safety violations, or corruption.
  • Whistle-blowers may make their allegations internally (to other people within the affected organization) or externally (to regulators, law-enforcement agencies, the media, or groups concerned with the issues).
  • Many organizations establish internal processes through which employees can come forward if they suspect an ethical or legal violation has occurred.
  • Some organizations have an ombudsperson who handles such matters on a confidential basis and advises the employee about their options should they wish to take formal steps to report the breach to the appropriate internal or external authorities.
  • The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires that an individual blow the whistle on an employee who they have evidence has violated the law.

• Case: China establishes a new employment contract law for 2008

  • This Alert provides highlights of the new law and the effect it will have on employees' rights and their employer's legal liability.
  • The trade union will also assist employees with employment contracts in accordance with the law.
  • An employment contract is not delivered to an employee or lacks any of the mandatory clauses which the law requires.
  • A staffing firm that violates the law may be subject to fines and have their business license revoked.
  • Although the level of compliance and the degree to which the new law will be enforced is not yet known, it is important to be fully prepared for a 1 January 2008, not only by reviewing all employment contracts, employee handbooks and internal guidelines, but also by taking stock of any subcontracting agreements or the use of staffing companies and their policies.

• The Three Laws of Thermodynamics

  • The first law of thermodynamics, also known as Law of Conservation of Energy, states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed; energy can only be transferred or changed from one form to another.
  • A way of expressing the first law of thermodynamics is that any change in the internal energy (∆E) of a system is given by the sum of the heat (q) that flows across its boundaries and the work (w) done on the system by the surroundings:
  • This law says that there are two kinds of processes, heat and work, that can lead to a change in the internal energy of a system.
  • If heat flows into a system or the surroundings do work on it, the internal energy increases and the sign of q and w are positive.
  • The second law of thermodynamics says that the entropy of any isolated system always increases.

• Momentum, Force, and Newton's Second Law

  • This fact, known as the law of conservation of momentum, is implied by Newton's laws of motion.
  • If the particles are numbered 1 and 2, the second law states that
  • This law holds regardless of the nature of the interparticle (or internal) force, no matter how complicated the force is between particles.
  • Using symbols, this law is
  • So for constant mass, Newton's second law of motion becomes

• The International Monetary Structure

  • The international monetary structure involves international institutions, regional trading blocs, private players, and national governments.
  • Certain regional institutions also play a role in the structure of the international monetary system.
  • Governments are also a part of the international monetary structure, primarily through their finance ministries: they pass the laws and regulations for financial markets, and set the tax burden for private players such as banks, funds, and exchanges.
  • In this picture, President Bill Clinton signs the North American Free Trade Agreement into law.
  • Explain the role played by the United States over the history of the international monetary structure

• Functions of International Banks

  • First, many government leaders repealed laws that restricted the free flow of investment between countries.
  • An international bank operates in two or more countries.
  • Unfortunately, international banks pose many problems for government regulators.
  • Consequently, an international bank helps people and businesses engage in international trade and finance.
  • An offshore market has little regulations, low tax rates, and strict banker-customer confidentiality laws.

• Internal Energy

  • The internal energy of a system is the sum of all kinetic and potential energy in a system.
  • However, a system does contain a quantifiable amount of energy called the internal energy of a system.
  • The equation describing the total internal energy of a system is then:
  • The kinetic energy portion of internal energy gives rise to the temperature of the system.
  • Express the internal energy in terms of kinetic and potential energy