Judgment

Examples of Judgment in the following topics:

• Be an Open-Minded Listener: Suspend Judgment and Exercise Empathy

  • Open-minded listening requires empathy and a suspension of judgment on the part of the listener.
  • Judgmental listening also occurs when the listener is only listening to the speaker in order to determine whether he or she is right or wrong, rather than listening to understand the speaker's ideas and where they come from.
  • This kind of judgmental listening prevents the listener from fully engaging with the speaker on his or her own terms, and therefore limits the scope of the conversation.
  • Exercising empathy while listening to a speaker is related to suspending judgment in that it requires the listener to work to understand what the speaker says from his or her point of view.

• Performed individually

  • Subjective stimuli: Observations about an individual's surrounding environment and nature made by the individual, as well as more affective and temporal judgments about things not really seen but that are definitely felt.

• Cognitive Biases

  • A cognitive bias is a pattern of deviation in judgment that occurs in particular situations and can lead to perceptual distortion, inaccurate judgment, illogical interpretation, or what is broadly called irrationality.
  • Implicit in the concept of a pattern of deviation is a standard of comparison with what is normative or expected; this may be the judgment of people outside those particular situations, or a set of independently verifiable facts.
  • They and their colleagues demonstrated several replicable ways in which human judgments and decisions differ from rational choice theory.
  • The ways in which we distort our perception are particularly relevant for managers because they make many decisions, and deal with many people making assessments an judgments, on a daily basis.

• Normative and Positive Economics

  • It avoids economic value judgments.
  • Normative economics is a branch of economics that expresses value or normative judgments about economic fairness.
  • Many normative judgments are conditional.
  • Welfare economist Amartya Sen explained that basic (normative) judgments rely on knowledge of facts.
  • An example of a normative economic statement is "The price of milk should be $6 a gallon to give dairy farmers a higher living standard and to save the family farm. " It is a normative statement because it reflects value judgments.

• What Makes Art Beautiful?

  • The word "aesthetic" is derived from the Greek "aisthetikos," meaning "esthetic, sensitive, or sentient. " In practice, aesthetic judgment refers to the sensory contemplation or appreciation of an object (not necessarily a work of art), while artistic judgment refers to the recognition, appreciation, or criticism of a work of art.
  • For Immanuel Kant, the aesthetic experience of beauty is a judgment of a subjective, but common, human truth.
  • An aesthetic judgment cannot be an empirical judgment but must instead be processed on a more intuitive level.

• Prejudice, Bias, and Discrimination

  • Prejudice involves coming to a judgment on a subject before learning where the preponderance of evidence actually lies.
  • Alternatively, prejudice can refer to the formation of a judgment without direct or actual experience.
  • Such viewpoints or beliefs are not pre-judgments but post-judgments.
  • Post-judgments or beliefs and viewpoints derived from experience that maintain unfair or stereotypical perspectives on a group of people is more accurately referred to as bias.

• Evaluating Performance: Who, What, and How

  • This process generally takes the form of judgmental evaluation of the employee and objective performance measures.
  • There are three basic ways in which PA data must be collected: judgmental evaluation, objective production, and personnel measures.
  • Judgmental evaluation is generally the biggest part of the PA process.
  • Judgmental evaluations typically rate employees in certain set performance areas by rating them on a numerical scale for how much of a desired quality they possess.
  • Judgmental assessments can also be self-evaluations done by employees or peer assessments done by employees on their peers.

• Cognitive Biases as a Barrier to Decision Making

  • We are usually unaware of the biases that can affect our judgment.
  • Anchoring: This is the overreliance on an initial single piece of information or experience to make subsequent judgments.
  • Once an anchor is set, other judgments are made by adjusting away from that anchor, which can limit one's ability to accurately interpret new, potentially relevant information.
  • Overconfidence bias: This bias occurs when a person overestimates the reliability of their judgments.

• Problem-Solving

  • The processes of problem solving, judgment, and decision-making each require appropriate effort and involve a variety of psychological steps .
  • This leads to errors in judgment and decision-making because people tend to reason in a subjective (emotion-based) manner rather than objectively - especially when personal interests and beliefs are involved.
  • Intuition is often conceived as a kind of inner perception, sometimes regarded as understanding; it provides us with views, understandings, judgments, or beliefs that we cannot always verify or justify rationally.
  • Heuristics are simple and efficient rules, learned or hard-wired over time, that help explain how people make decisions, come to judgments, and solve problems - especially when facing complex problems or incomplete information.
  • Examine how algorithms, heuristics, intuition, insight, confirmation bias, and functional fixedness can influence judgment and decision making.

• The Myers-Briggs Personality Types

  • Feeling, and Judgment vs.
  • One possible classification of a personality type is ESTJ: extraversion (E), sensing (S), thinking (T), judgment (J).
  • People who prefer judgment over perception are not necessarily more judgmental or less perceptive; they simply prefer one over the other.
  • The most common combination from the Myers-Briggs test is ISFJ or Introvert, Sensing, Feeling, and Judgment.