Examples of killed vaccine in the following topics:
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- Vaccinations prevent viruses from spreading by building immunity to the virus.
- Vaccines may be prepared using live viruses, killed viruses, or molecular subunits of the virus.
- The killed viral vaccines and subunit viruses are both incapable of causing disease.
- The success of the polio vaccine paved the way for the routine dispensation of childhood vaccines against measles, mumps, rubella, chickenpox, and other diseases.
- The danger of using live vaccines, which are usually more effective than killed vaccines, is low, but significant since the possibility that these viruses will revert to their disease-causing form by back mutations is still present.
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- Vaccines are biological products with biological effects.
- Most developed countries have switched to the inactivated polio vaccine and stopped using whole-cell pertussis (whooping cough) vaccines, which are made from killed bacteria and cause relatively high rates of arm swelling, febrile convulsions and periods of limpness or unresponsiveness.
- Some speculate that children with metabolic disorders might be prone to vaccine side effects.
- Safer vaccines and manufacturing processes are also in the works.
- These include current smallpox vaccines that cannot safely be given to immunocompromised people; the tuberculosis vaccine, which is not recommended for HIV-positive infants; and the yellow-fever vaccine, which puts elderly people at particular risk of a yellow-fever-like illness.
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- Biotechnological advances in gene manipulation techniques have further resulted in the production of vaccines, antibiotics, and hormones.
- Traditional vaccination strategies use weakened or inactive forms of microorganisms to mount the initial immune response.
- Antibiotics are biotechnological products that inhibit bacterial growth or kill bacteria.
- Clear rings around the round inserts, which contain antibiotic, mean that bacteria on the plate are inhibited or killed by the compound.
- Discuss the methods by which biotechnology is used to produce vaccines, antibiotics, and hormones.
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- Vaccination generally involves injecting weak live, killed, or inactivated forms of viruses or their toxins into the person being immunized.
- Despite the early success demonstrated with the hepatitis B vaccine, no other recombinant engineered vaccine has been approved for use in humans.
- It is unlikely that a recombinant vaccine will be developed to replace an existing licensed human vaccine with a proven record of safety and efficacy.
- Genetically engineered subunit vaccines are more costly to manufacture than conventional vaccines, since the antigen must be purified to a higher standard than was demanded of older, conventional vaccines.
- This can be attributed to these vaccines being held to a higher degree of purity than was traditionally done for an earlier generation of licensed subunit vaccines.
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- The first line of defense against viral infections is usually antiviral vaccines, which prime the body's immune system against specific pathogens.
- Vaccines traditionally consist of an attenuated (weakened or killed) version of the virus, although many vaccines now target specific immunogenic targets unique to a particular pathogen.
- Pediatric polio vaccination in India by a Stop Transmission of Polio (STOP) teams (2002)
- Vaccinations are the best defense against a wide range of viruses, but they are not effective in treating active infections.
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- New vaccines are being developed to control recent infectious disease epidemics and cancers.
- A number of new vaccines with major potential for controlling infectious diseases have just been licensed or are at advanced stages of development.
- Among the illnesses targeted are rotavirus diarrhea, pneumococcal disease, and cervical cancer (as caused by human papillomavirus), which together kill more than a million people each year, most of them in developing countries.
- Gardasil is a human papillomavirus vaccine on the market and it protects against HPV-16 and HPV-18 which cause 70% of cervical cancers, 80% of anal cancers, 60% of vaginal cancers, and 40% of vulvar cancers.
- Describe how new vaccines are being developed to help eradicate several infectious global diseases
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- Public health, sanitation, and the use of antibiotics and vaccines have lessened the impact of infectious disease on human populations.
- In the fourteenth century, the bubonic plague killed as many as 100 million people: between 30 to 60 percent of Europe's population.
- Through vaccination programs, better nutrition, and vector control (carriers of disease), international agencies have significantly reduced the global infectious disease burden.
- This advance is attributed entirely to a comprehensive vaccination program.
- Measles cases reported in the United States, represented as thousands of cases per year, declined sharply after the measles vaccine was introduced, in 1964.
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- Promotion of hand washing, breastfeeding, delivery of vaccinations, and distribution of condoms are examples of public health measures.
- In addition to hand washing with soap and water, the use of alcohol gels is another form of killing some kinds of pathogens and healthful bacteria, but their effectiveness is disputed, and may lead to antibiotica-resistant bacterial strains.
- Vaccination is the administration of antigenic material (a vaccine) to stimulate an individual's immune system to develop adaptive immunity to a pathogen.
- Vaccines can prevent or ameliorate morbidity from infection.
- The effectiveness of vaccination has been widely studied and verified; for example, the influenza vaccine, the HPV vaccine, and the chicken pox vaccine.
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- Vaccination is a proven way to prevent and even eradicate widespread outbreaks of life-threatening infectious diseases.
- Global mass vaccination drives have met with enormous success in reducing the incidence of many diseases.
- Another consideration is that the newer vaccination programs also protect older age groups.
- By these vaccinated children not contracting these diseases, their parents, grandparents, friends and relatives (not vaccinated against these diseases themselves) will also be protected.
- Describe how active immunity to diseases can be acquired by natural exposure or by vaccination
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- In the 20th century three influenza pandemics occurred, each caused by the appearance of a new strain of the virus in humans, and killed tens of millions of people.
- Vaccinations against influenza are usually made available to people in developed countries.
- Farmed poultry is often vaccinated to avoid decimation of the flocks.
- The most common human vaccine is the trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) that contains purified and inactivated antigens against three viral strains.
- Typically, this vaccine includes material from two influenza A virus subtypes and one influenza B virus strain.