Mining Camps

Examples of Mining Camps in the following topics:

• Mining on the Comstock Lode

  • Mining camps soon thrived in the vicinity, which became bustling centers of wealth.
  • The mines declined after 1874, and eventually ceased in 1922.
  • After arriving much too early to cross the Sierra, they camped on the Carson river in the vicinity of Dayton to wait for the mountain snow to melt.
  • Other emigrants followed, camped on the canyon and went to work at mining.
  • The miners who discovered the mines and the investors who bought their claims did not know the size of the strike.

• Gold Fever in the West

  • Without courts or law officers in the mining communities to enforce claims and justice, miners developed their own ad hoc legal system, based on the "mining codes" used in other mining communities abroad.
  • Camps spread out north and south of the American River and eastward into the Sierras.
  • In a few years, nearly all of the independent miners were displaced as mines were purchased and run by mining companies, who then hired low-paid miners.
  • Bigger mines, however, caused greater environmental damage.
  • Temporary mining camps sprang up overnight; most became ghost towns when the ores were depleted.

• Pioneer Women

  • The most famous were the houses of prostitution found in mining camps.
  • Chinese women, for example, were frequently sold by their families and taken to the camps as prostitutes; they had to send their earnings back to their families in China.
  • After a decade or so, the mining towns attracted respectable women who ran boarding houses, organized church societies, worked as laundresses and seamstresses, and strove for independent status.

• Architecture of the Middle Kingdom

  • The reign of Amenemhat III is especially known for its exploitation of resources, in which mining camps—previously only used by intermittent expeditions—were operated on a semi-permanent basis.
  • A vast labor force of Canaanite settlers from the Near East aided in mining and building campaigns.

• Casualties of World War II

  • In addition to Nazi concentration camps, the Soviet gulags (labour camps) led to the death of citizens of occupied countries such as Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia, as well as German prisoners of war (POWs) and even Soviet citizens who had been or were thought to be supporters of the Nazis.
  • Japanese prisoner-of-war camps, many of which were used as labour camps, also had high death rates.
  • According to historian Zhifen Ju, at least five million Chinese civilians from northern China and Manchukuo were enslaved between 1935 and 1941 by the East Asia Development Board, or Kōain, for work in mines and war industries.
  • SS female camp guards remove prisoners' bodies from lorries and carry them to a mass grave, inside the German Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, 1945

• Attack on Pearl Harbor

  • The Japanese also sank or damaged three cruisers, three destroyers, an anti-aircraft training ship, and one mine layer.
  • One of the most controversial consequences of the attack was the creation of internment camps for Japanese American residents and citizens.
  • Within hours of the attack, hundreds of Japanese American leaders were rounded up and brought to high-security camps such as Sand Island at the mouth of Honolulu harbor and Kilauea Military Camp on the island of Hawaii. 
  • Over 110,000 Japanese Americans, including United States citizens, were removed from their homes and transferred to internment camps in California, Idaho, Utah, Arizona, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Arkansas, and Texas.

• Catabolite Activator Protein (CAP): An Activator Regulator

  • When glucose levels decline in E. coli, catabolite activator protein (CAP) is bound by cAMP to promote transcription of the lac operon.
  • When glucose levels drop, cyclic AMP (cAMP) begins to accumulate in the cell.
  • The cAMP molecule is a signaling molecule that is involved in glucose and energy metabolism in E. coli.
  • When cAMP binds to CAP, the complex binds to the promoter region of the genes that are needed to use the alternate sugar sources .
  • As glucose supplies become limited, cAMP levels increase.

• Plasma Membrane Hormone Receptors

  • One very important second messenger is cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP).
  • Adenylyl cyclase catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cAMP. cAMP, in turn, activates a group of proteins called protein kinases, which transfer a phosphate group from ATP to a substrate molecule in a process called phosphorylation.
  • Each molecule of adenylyl cyclase then triggers the formation of many molecules of cAMP.
  • Hormone binding to receptor activates a G protein, which in turn activates adenylyl cyclase, converting ATP to cAMP. cAMP is a second messenger that mediates a cell-specific response.
  • An enzyme called phosphodiesterase breaks down cAMP, terminating the signal.

• Frontier Revivals

  • In the newly settled frontier regions, the revivals of the Second Great Awakening took the form of camp meetings.
  • The camp meeting was a religious service of several days' length involving multiple preachers.
  • Settlers in thinly populated areas would gather at the camp meeting for fellowship.
  • One of the early camp meetings took place in July 1800 at Gasper River Church in southwestern Kentucky.
  • Camp meetings were multi-day affairs with multiple preachers, often attracting thousands of worshippers.

• Adrenergic Neurons and Receptors

  • Agonist binding thus causes a rise in the intracellular concentration of the second messenger cAMP.
  • Downstream effectors of cAMP include the cAMP-dependent protein, kinase (PKA), which mediates some of the intracellular events following hormone binding.
  • α2, on the other hand, couples to Gi, which causes a decrease of cAMP activity, that results in smooth muscle contraction.
  • One important note is the differential effects of increased cAMP in smooth muscle compared to cardiac muscle.
  • Increased cAMP will promote relaxation in smooth muscle, while promoting increased contractility and pulse rate in cardiac muscle.