Examples of monoclonal antibody in the following topics:
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- Monoclonal antibodies are monospecific antibodies that recognize one specific epitope on a pathogen.
- Monoclonal antibodies have monovalent affinity in that they bind to the same epitope.
- Monoclonal antibody therapy is the use of monoclonal antibodies (or mAb) to specifically bind to target cells or proteins.
- Human monoclonal antibodies are produced using transgenic mice or phage display libraries.
- Two researchers looking at slides of cultures of cells that make monoclonal antibodies.
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- Antibodies are a key component of the adaptive immune response.
- It is not surprising, therefore, that many immunotherapeutic approaches involve the use of antibodies.
- The advent of monoclonal antibody technology has made it possible to raise antibodies against specific antigens, such as the unusual antigens that are presented on the surfaces of tumors.
- A number of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies have been approved for use in humans, such as alemtuzumab, an anti-CD52 humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody indicated for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
- The relatively tumor-specific expression of GD2 makes it a suitable target for immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies or with artificial T-cell receptors.
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- In medicine, genetic engineering has been used to mass-produce insulin, human growth hormones, follistim (for treating infertility), human albumin, monoclonal antibodies, antihemophilic factors, vaccines,and many other drugs.
- Mouse hybridomas, cells fused together to create monoclonal antibodies have been humanised through genetic engineering to create human monoclonal antibodies.
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- The future of diagnostic immunology lies in the production of specific antibody-based assays and the development of improved vaccines.
- Modern immunology relies heavily on the use of antibodies as highly specific laboratory reagents.
- The diagnosis of infectious diseases, the successful outcome of transfusions and transplantations, and the availability of biochemical and hematologic assays with extraordinary specificity and sensitivity capabilities all attest to the value of antibody detection .
- The vaccines currently used primarily generate an antibody response, which is able to attack free-moving pathogens, but is unable to fight bacteria and viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
- Angel of the West is a sculpture by Julian Voss-Andreae based on the antibody structure.
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- The proteins are then transferred to a membrane (typically nitrocellulose or PVDF), where they are stained with antibodies specific to the target protein.
- There are now many reagent companies that specialize in providing antibodies (both monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies) against tens of thousands of different proteins belonging to signaling pathways or cell surface receptor antigens, or other cellular or soluble components.
- Commercial antibodies can be expensive, although the unbound antibody can be reused between experiments.
- Other related techniques include using antibodies to detect proteins in tissues and cells by immunostaining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
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- Virtually any microbe can trigger an antibody response.
- Several complex genetic mechanisms have evolved allowing vertebrate B cells to generate a diverse pool of antibodies from a relatively small number of antibody genes.
- Combining these genes with an assortment of genes for other antibody domains generates a large cavalry of antibodies (i.e., a high degree of variability).
- Some point mutations result in the production of antibodies having a weaker interaction (low affinity) with their antigen than the original antibody, and some generate antibodies with a stronger interaction (high affinity).
- In contrast, monoclonal antibodies are monovalent for the same epitope.
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- Cancer biologists realized that gene duplication led to HER2 overexpression in 25 percent of breast cancer patients and developed a drug called Herceptin (trastuzumab), a monoclonal antibody that targets HER2 for removal by the immune system.
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- The humoral immune response is the aspect of immunity that is mediated by secreted antibodies.
- The humoral immune response (HIR) is the aspect of immunity that is mediated by secreted antibodies produced by B cells.
- Secreted antibodies bind to antigens on the surfaces of invading pathogens, which flag them for destruction.
- Passive immunity is the transfer of active humoral immunity in the form of ready-made antibodies from one individual to another.
- Artificially acquired passive immunity is a short-term immunization achieved by the transfer of antibodies, and can be administered in several forms: as human or animal blood (usually horse) plasma or serum, as pooled human immunoglobulin for intravenous (IVIG) or intramuscular (IG) use, and as monoclonal antibodies (MAb).
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- For assessing the presence of allergen-specific IgE antibodies, you can use two different methods: a skin prick test or an allergy blood test.
- The test measures the concentration of specific IgE antibodies in the blood.
- It relies on the progressive skewing of IgG antibody production to block excessive IgE production seen in atopys.
- A second form of immunotherapy involves the intravenous injection of monoclonal anti-IgE antibodies.
- Describe how the skin prick test and the allergy blood test work to assess the presence of allergen specific antibodies in an individual
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- Fluorescent antibodies are antibodies that have been tagged with a fluorescent compound to facilitate their detection in the laboratory.
- The fluorescent antibody technique consists of labeling antibody with dyes such as fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC).
- The chemical manipulation in labeling antibodies with fluorescent dyes to permit detection by direct microscopy examination does not impair antibody activity.
- Fluorescent antibody conjugates are commonly used in immunoassays.
- In the direct technique, a fluorescent antibody is used to detect antigen-antibody reactions at a microscopic level.