outbreak

Examples of outbreak in the following topics:

• The Outbreak of the Korean War

• Occurrence of a Disease

  • An occurrence of disease greater than would be expected at a particular time and place is called an outbreak.
  • Two linked cases of a rare infectious disease may be sufficient to constitute an outbreak.
  • Outbreaks may also refer to endemics that affect a particular place or group, epidemics that affect a region in a country or a group of countries, and pandemics that describe global disease outbreaks .
  • Develop a hypothesis (if there appears to be a cause for the outbreak).
  • Point source – Common source outbreak where the exposure occurs in less than one incubation period.

• Bacterial Foodborne Diseases

  • Outbreaks of bacterial infection related to food consumption are common.
  • These types of outbreaks have become more common.
  • The raw spinach outbreak in 2006 was produced by the bacterium E. coli serotype O157:H7.
  • A deadly outbreak in Germany in 2010 was caused by E. coli contamination of vegetable sprouts .
  • The strain that caused the outbreak was found to be a new serotype not previously involved in other outbreaks, which indicates that E. coli is continuously evolving.

• Disease Reservoirs and Epidemics

  • Epidemiologists often consider the term outbreak to be synonymous to epidemic, but the general public typically perceives outbreaks to be more local and less serious than epidemics.
  • There are two types of epidemic outbreaks: (1) In a common source outbreak, the affected individuals had an exposure to a common agent.
  • If the exposure was continuous or variable, it can be termed a continuous outbreak or intermittent outbreak, respectively.
  • (2) In a propagated outbreak, the disease spreads person-to-person.
  • Many epidemics will have characteristics of both common source and propagated outbreaks.

• Chikungunya Fever

  • Both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus have been implicated in large outbreaks of CHIKV.
  • Human infections in Africa have been at relatively low levels for a number of years, but in 1999-2000 there was a large outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and in 2007 there was an outbreak in Gabon.
  • Starting in February 2005, a major outbreak occurred in islands of the Indian Ocean.
  • A large outbreak of chikungunya in India occurred in 2006 and 2007.
  • In 2007 transmission was reported for the first time in Europe, in a localized outbreak in north-eastern Italy.

• Is everything recyclable?

  • Substances used in the medical and livestock industries, for example, can be unsuitable (some scientists believe that the mad cow disease outbreaks in the UK began when infected sheep carcasses were ground up and recycled as cattle feed).

• Smallpox

  • It is not known how or where the outbreak began, but by 1775, it was raging through British-occupied Boston.
  • The outbreak spread deep into the South; many escaped slaves who had fled to the British lines in the South contracted the virus and died.
  • British troops evacuated in 1776 (depicted here) in part because of smallpox outbreaks within the city.

• Analytical Epidemiology

  • Analytical epidemiology attempts to determine the cause of an outbreak.
  • In this way, other possible factors, e.g., genetic or environmental, might be identified as factors related to the outbreak .

• Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases

  • Between November 2002 and July 2003, an outbreak of SARS in Hong Kong nearly became a pandemic, with 8,422 cases and 916 deaths worldwide (10.9% fatality), according to the World Health Organization (WHO).
  • The last infected human case of the outbreak occurred in June 2003, and there was a laboratory-induced infection case in 2004.
  • During the outbreak, the fatality of SARS was less than 1% for people aged 24 or younger, 6% for those 25 to 44, 15% for those 45 to 64, and more than 50% for those over 65.
  • However, there was an outbreak in Algeria in 1994, with cases of WNV-caused encephalitis, and the first large outbreak in Romania in 1996, with a high number of cases with neuroinvasive disease.

• Americanization and Pluralism

  • The outbreak of war in 1914 led to the "Americanization" campaign aimed at millions of immigrants to the U.S.
  • The outbreak of war in 1914 increased concern over the millions of immigrants to the United States, many of whom could not return to their native countries in Europe.