pathogenicity island

Examples of pathogenicity island in the following topics:

• Pathogenicity Islands and Virulence Factors

  • Pathogenicity islands (PAIs) are a distinct class of genomic islands acquired by microorganisms through horizontal gene transfer.
  • Pathogenicity islands (PAIs) are a distinct class of genomic islands acquired by microorganisms through horizontal gene transfer.
  • These mobile genetic elements may range from 10-200 kb, and may encode genes contributing to the virulence of the respective pathogen.
  • Pathogenicity islands are discrete genetic units flanked by direct repeats, insertion sequences or tRNA genes, which act as sites for recombination into the DNA.
  • The GC-content of pathogenicity islands often differs from that of the rest of the genome, potentially aiding in their detection within a given DNA sequence.

• Pathogenicity Islands

  • Pathogenicity islands (PAIs) are a distinct class of genomic islands acquired by microorganisms through horizontal gene transfer.
  • Pathogenicity islands are discrete genetic units flanked by direct repeats, insertion sequences or tRNA genes, which act as sites for recombination into the DNA.
  • Pathogenicity islands carry genes encoding one or more virulence factors, including, but not limited to, adhesins, toxins, or invasins.
  • The GC-content of pathogenicity islands often differs from that of the rest of the genome, potentially aiding in their detection within a given DNA sequence.
  • Pathogenicity islands are transferred horizontally, this details some of the ways that occurs.

• Extent of Host Involvement

  • Host-pathogen interactions are the interactions taking place between a pathogen (e.g. virus, bacteria) and their host (e.g. humans, plants).
  • Host-pathogen interactions are the interactions that take place between a pathogen (e.g. virus, bacteria) and their host (e.g. humans, plants).
  • By definition, all pathogens damage their host to some extent.
  • The appearance and severity of disease resulting from the presence of any pathogen depends upon the ability of that pathogen to damage the host as well as the ability of the host to resist the pathogen.
  • Clinicians therefore classify infectious microorganisms or microbes according to the status of host defenses - either as primary pathogens or as opportunistic pathogens.

• Toll-Like Receptors

  • TLRs are a type of pattern recognition receptor (PRR) and recognize molecules that are broadly shared by pathogens but distinguishable from host molecules, collectively referred to as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).
  • Because of the specificity of Toll-like receptors (and other innate immune receptors) they cannot easily be changed in the course of evolution, these receptors recognize molecules that are constantly associated with threats (i.e., pathogen or cell stress) and are highly specific to these threats (i.e., cannot be mistaken for self molecules).
  • Pathogen-associated molecules that meet this requirement are usually critical to the pathogen's function and cannot be eliminated or changed through mutation; they are said to be evolutionarily conserved.
  • Well-conserved features in pathogens include bacterial cell-surface lipopolysaccharides (LPS), lipoproteins, lipopeptides, and lipoarabinomannan; proteins such as flagellin from bacterial flagella; double-stranded RNA of viruses; or the unmethylated CpG islands of bacterial and viral DNA; and certain other RNA and DNA.

• Rickettsial Diseases

  • Human immune response to the scrub typhus pathogen, Orientia tsutsugamushi, appears to provide a beneficial effect against HIV infection progress, negatively influencing the virus replication process.
  • A probable reason for this actively studied phenomenon is a certain degree of homology between the rickettsia and the virus – namely, common epitope(s) due to common genome fragment(s) in both pathogens.
  • Rickettsia species are carried by many ticks, fleas, and lice, and cause diseases in humans such as typhus, rickettsialpox, Boutonneuse fever, African tick bite fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever , Flinders Island spotted fever, and Queensland tick typhus (Australian Tick Typhus).
  • All three of these groups contain human pathogens.

• Island Hopping

• Barrier Islands

• WBC Function

  • The innate immune system is non-specific and refers to the general ability of the body to prevent pathogen entry and destroy pathogens that do enter the body.
  • Phagocytosis of pathogens.
  • It involves the binding of an Fc receptor to a tail on a pathogen, engulfing the pathogen, and using enzymes and free radicals inside the leukocyte to destroy the pathogens.
  • When pathogens are encountered, granule dependent apoptosis (a mechanism of cytotoxicity) may be induced in the pathogen by releasing perforins, granzymes, and proteaseases from their granules.
  • The adaptive immune system is specific to each pathogen on the basis of antigens, which are molecular components of pathogens that are used by leukocytes to recognize that specific pathogen.

• Innate Immune Response

  • A host is the organism that is invaded and often harmed by a pathogen.
  • Mammalian immune systems evolved for protection from such pathogens.
  • Components of both immune systems constantly search the body for signs of pathogens.
  • When pathogens are found, immune factors are mobilized to the site of an infection.
  • Features of the immune system (e.g., pathogen identification, specific response, amplification, retreat, and remembrance) are essential for survival against pathogens.

• Crafts in the Cook Islands

  • British navigator Captain James Cook arrived in 1773 and 1777 and named the islands the Hervey Islands; the name "Cook Islands", in honor of Cook, appeared on a Russian naval chart published in the 1820s.
  • Woodcarving is a common art form in the Cook Islands.
  • Another popular art form in the Cook Islands is tivaevae—the art of handmade Island scenery patchwork quilts.
  • The Cook Islands has produced internationally recognized contemporary artists, especially in the main island of Rarotonga.
  • These islands share similar artistic traditions of other Pacific Islands, including the art of tattooing.