Examples of Perceptual Expectancy in the following topics:
-
- Expectancy Theory postulates that an individual's motivation can be derived through identifying an appropriate expectation.
- Expectancy Theory, initially put forward by Victor Vroom at the Yale School of Management, suggests that behavior is motivated by the anticipated result or consequences expected.
- Expectancy Theory boils down to a few simple variables, which in conjunction produce the projected outcome based upon the motivational inputs.
- Expectancy Theory combines these three concepts into the conclusion that these three interactions will ultimately create a desired motivational response.
- Understand the three relationships and four variables that result in Expectancy Theory
-
- Expectancy theory is about the mental processes involved in making choices.
- Effort → Performance (E→P): Expectancy is the belief that an effort (E) will result in attainment of desired performance (P) goals.
- Expectancy theory can help managers understand how individuals are motivated to choose among various behavioral alternatives.
-
- Perceptual mapping is a graphic display explaining the perceptions of customers with relation to product characteristics.
- Perceptual maps commonly have two dimensions even though they are capable of having several.
- Many perceptual maps also display consumers' ideal points.
- Perceptual maps need not come from a detailed study.
- Evaluate the concept of perceptual mapping as part of competitive perceptual positioning
-
- The perceptual process is the sequence of psychological steps that a person uses to organize and interpret information from the outside world.
- Intensity - Greater intensity, in brightness, for example, also increases perceptual selection.
- The following factors are those that determine perceptual organization:
- Perceptual grouping - Grouping is when perceptions are brought together into a pattern.
- Outline the internal and external factors that influence the perceptual selection process
-
- Thanks to perceptual constancy, we have stable perceptions of an object's qualities even under changing circumstances.
- There are many common visual and perceptual constancies that we experience during the perception process.
- The perception of the image is still based upon the actual size of the perceptual characteristics.
- Our eyes aren't the only sensory organs that "trick" us into perceptual constancy.
- This is thanks to auditory perceptual constancy!
-
- Perceptual distortions, such as cognitive bias, can result in poor judgement and irrational courses of action.
- A cognitive bias is a pattern of deviation in judgment that occurs in particular situations and can lead to perceptual distortion, inaccurate judgment, illogical interpretation, or what is broadly called irrationality.
- A few useful perceptual distortions managers should be aware of include:
- Perceptual distortion makes them seem crooked.
-
- By using customer research and perceptual mapping, a marketer can create a positioning statement using one of the three main bases.
- Positioning is facilitated by perceptual mapping to determine the ideal points of consumers.This helps to determine if positioning should be functional, symbolic, or experiential.
- By using customer research and perceptual mapping, a marketer can create a positioning statement using one of the three main bases.
- Examine positioning and the strategy behind it relative to competitive perceptual positioning
-
- This law posits that when we perceive a collection of objects we will perceptually group together objects that are physically close to each other.
- This law states that people will perceive similar elements will be perceptually grouped together.
- Many optical illusions play on this perceptual tendency.
- We develop perceptual schemas in order to organize impressions of people based on their appearance, social roles, interaction, or other traits; these schemas then influence how we perceive other things in the world.
- For example, you might have a perceptual schema that the building where you go to class is symmetrical on the outside (sometimes called the "symmetry heuristic," or the tendency to remember things as being more symmetrical than they are).
-
- Expectancy Theory is similarly derived, but it states this relationship through an equation: Motivation = Expectation (Σ Instrumentality × Valence).
-
- Selective perceptions is categorized under two types: a low level of perception, known as perceptual vigilance, and a higher level of perception, known as perceptual defense.