proportional representation

Examples of proportional representation in the following topics:

• Winning an Election: Majority, Plurality, and Proportional Representation

  • Common voting systems are majority rule, proportional representation, or plurality voting with a number of criteria for the winner.
  • Common voting systems are majority rule, proportional representation, or plurality voting with a number of variations and methods such as first-past-the-post or preferential voting.
  • Proportional representation (PR) is a concept in voting systems used to elect an assembly or council.
  • Proportional representation means that the number of seats won by a party or group of candidates is proportionate to the number of votes received .
  • Compare and contrast the voting systems of majority rule, proportional representation and plurality voting

• Federalists and Antifederalists

  • At the Convention, the primary issue was representation of the states.
  • The more populous states wanted representation to be based on population (proportional representation).
  • James Madison of Virginia crafted the Virginia Plan, which guaranteed proportional representation and granted wide powers to the Congress.
  • The smaller states, on the other hand, supported equal representation through William Paterson's New Jersey Plan.
  • The conflict threatened to end the Convention, but Roger Sherman of Connecticut proposed the "Great Compromise" (or Connecticut Compromise) under which one house of Congress would be based on proportional representation, and the other house would be based on equal representation.

• Political Parties and Elections

  • In countries that have a proportional representation voting system, as exists throughout Europe, or a preferential voting system, such as in Australia or Ireland, three or more parties are often elected to parliament in significant proportions, allowing more access to public office.
  • Australia, Canada, Pakistan, India, Ireland, the United Kingdom, and Norway are examples of countries with two strong main parties, along with smaller or "third" parties that have also obtained representation.
  • Evaluate the party system, both in proportional representation voting systems and two-party systems

• The Right to Vote

  • Some of the apportionment methods discovered in the United States were in a sense rediscovered in Europe in the 19th century, where they had served as seat allocation methods for the newly proposed system of party-list proportional representation.
  • Party-list proportional representation was first implemented to elect European legislatures in the early 20th century, with Belgium implementing it first in 1899.
  • Since then, proportional and semi-proportional methods have come to be used in almost all democratic countries, with most exceptions being former British colonies.

• A New Constitution

  • Larger state delegates favored a system with proportional representation in both houses; the greater the population of voters in a given state, the more federal representatives would be allotted to that state in Congress.
  • Delegates from these states supported the Virginia Plan, crafted by James Madison, which included a system of proportional representation in Congress as well as an extension of congressional powers.
  • However, the Connecticut Compromise proposed by Roger Sherman outlined a system of bicameral legislation that included both proportional and equal representation.
  • The Compromise indicated that each state would be given equal representation (as per the New Jersey Plan) in one house of Congress and proportional representation (as per the Virginia Plan) in the other.
  • While northern delegations wanted only free citizens to count toward representation, southern delegations wanted to include slaves as a way of increasing their states’ representation in government.

• The Structure of the Government

  • Larger state delegates favored a system whereby representation in both houses would be proportional.
  • Delegates from these states supported the VIrginia Plan, crafted by James Madison, which included a system of proportional representation in Congress as well as an extension of congressional powers.
  • This system of equal representation was detailed in William Patterson's New Jersey Plan.
  • However, the "Connecticut Compromise" (more popularly known as the "Great Compromise") proposed by Roger Sherman outlined a system of bicameral legislation that included both proportional and equal representation.
  • In Sherman's plan a House of Representatives would be based on proportional representation and the Senate had representation fixed to two delegates per state.

• The U.S. Constitution

  • Larger state delegates favored a system whereby representation in both houses would be proportional: meaning that the greater the population of voters in a given state, the more federal representatives would be allotted to that state in Congress.
  • Delegates from these states supported the VIrginia Plan, crafted by James Madison, which included a system of proportional representation in Congress as well as an extension of congressional powers.
  • This system of equal representation was detailed in William Patterson's New Jersey Plan.
  • However, the "Connecticut Compromise" proposed by Roger Sherman outlined a system of bicameral legislation that included both proportional and equal representation.
  • In Sherman's plan, a House of Representatives would be based on proportional representation and a Senate, where representation would be fixed to two delegates per state.

• Introduction to testing for goodness of fit using chi-square

  • If the jury is representative of the population, then the proportions in the sample should roughly reflect the population of eligible jurors, i.e. registered voters.
  • While the proportions in the juries do not precisely represent the population proportions, it is unclear whether these data provide convincing evidence that the sample is not representative.

• Recognizing and Using a Histogram

  • A histogram is a graphical representation of the distribution of data.
  • A histogram is a graphical representation of the distribution of data.
  • More specifically, a histogram is a representation of tabulated frequencies, shown as adjacent rectangles, erected over discrete intervals (bins), with an area equal to the frequency of the observations in the interval.
  • It then shows the proportion of cases that fall into each of several categories, with the total area equaling one.

• Mathura Style

  • In ancient art, anthropomorphic representations of the Buddha started to emerge from the 1st century AD in Northern India.
  • The art of Mathura tends to be based on a strong Indian tradition, exemplified by the anthropomorphic representation of divinities such as the Yaksas, although in a style rather archaic compared to the later representations of the Buddha.
  • The representations of the Buddha in Mathura are generally dated slightly later than those of Gandhara, although not without debate, and are also much less numerous .
  • Up to that point, Indian Buddhist art had essentially been aniconic, avoiding representation of the Buddha, except for his symbols, such as the wheel or the Bodhi tree, although some archaic Mathuran sculptural representation of Yaksas have been dated to the 1st century BCE.
  • This iconic art was characterized from the start by a realistic idealism, combining realistic human features, proportions, attitudes, and attributes, together with a sense of perfection and serenity reaching to the divine.