pump and dump

Examples of pump and dump in the following topics:

• Conflicts of Interest

  • Therefore, it can be discovered and voluntarily defused before any corruption occurs.
  • As an example, in the sphere of business and control, according to the Institute of Internal Auditors:
  • A conflict of interest could impair an individual's ability to perform his or her duties and responsibilities objectively. "
  • Pump and dump, in which a stockbroker who owns a security artificially inflates its price by "upgrading" it or spreading rumors, sells the security and adds short position, then "downgrades" it or spreads negative rumors to push its price down.
  • Outline how self-dealing, outside employment, family interests, pump and dumps, and gifts exemplify conflicts of interest, and differentiate that from an impropriety

• Reducing the cost of pumps and pumping

  • Up to 20% of the world's motors are used for pumping purposes and most of what they pump is water.
  • Water and wastewater pumps consume over 50 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity in the USA every year (about $4 billion worth of power) and most of the energy they consume is used to fight against the friction created when water is forced through narrow pipes, around bends and up steep inclines.
  • Just as with motors, most pumps are bigger and more powerful than they need to be because in many cases production designers did not know what the exact pumping requirements were when the pumping system was being planned.
  • The result is that valves and other devices are later installed to create intentional friction to reduce output to manageable levels.
  • In some cases, over-sized pumps can be balanced by trimming the impeller or replacing it with one of a smaller diameter (an impeller, which is similar to a propeller, transfers energy from a motor to the fluid being pumped inside a tube or pipe by directing, increasing and pressurizing the fl ow of liquid inside).

• Improving pump efficiency

  • By redesigning the layout of the entire system, however, the main engineer, a man named Jan Schilham, was able to cut costs, improve efficiency and reduce the overall pumping power needed by 92%.
  • Unfortunately, this argument that does not take into account the savings that are made from the lower cost of a smaller pump, the lower costs of operating a smaller motor, and the reduced costs involved with fewer motor controls and fewer electrical components.
  • Schilham's second money-saving idea was to lay out the pipes first and install the pumps afterward – which is exactly the reverse of how most people construct a pumping system.
  • Most engineers install pumps and motors in a convenient or arbitrary spot and then attach pipes to them.
  • Unfortunately, each bend and turn, as well as the number of valves added, increases friction, which requires a larger pump and increases the amount of pipe needed.

• Sodium Pumps as an Alternative to Proton Pumps

  • It is now known that the carrier is an ATP-ase and that it pumps three sodium ions out of the cell for every two potassium ions pumped in.
  • It marked an important step in our understanding of how ions get into and out of cells, and has a particular significance for excitable cells like nervous cells, which depend on this pump for responding to stimuli and transmitting impulses.
  • ATP is hydrolyzed, leading to phosphorylation of the pump at a highly conserved aspartate residue and subsequent release of ADP .
  • Usually, an H+ cycle includes generation of the transmembrane electrochemical gradient of H+ (proton motive force) by primary transport systems (H+ pumps) and its use for ATP synthesis, solute transport, motility and reverse electron transport.
  • Describe the mechanisms of sodium pumps and its role as an alternative proton pump

• Additional cost and energy saving suggestions for pumps

  • Eliminate leaks in compressed air lines and valves.
  • Eliminate leaks in steam pipes and fittings.
  • Insulate pipes and heating equipment to reduce heat loss.
  • Consider using industrial heat pumps (IHPs).
  • For more information about getting the most from pumps and pumping,visit www.plantservices.com.

• Heat Pumps and Refrigerators

  • Heat pumps, air conditioners, and refrigerators utilize heat transfer from cold to hot.
  • Actually, a heat pump can be used both to heat and cool a space.
  • The basic components of a heat pump in are a condenser, an expansion valve, an evaporator and a compressor .
  • (In a cooling cycle, the evaporator and condenser coils exchange roles and the flow direction of the fluid is reversed. )
  • A simple heat pump has four basic components: (1) condenser, (2) expansion valve, (3) evaporator, and (4) compressor.

• Regulation

  • The government can respond to externalities through command-and-control policies or market-based policies.
  • The government can use command-and-control policies to regulate behavior directly.
  • For example, the government may make it illegal for a company to dump certain chemicals in a river.
  • For example, if the government makes it illegal to dump in the river, the companies and their customers may suffer because the products must be produced using less efficient methods.
  • On the other hand, if the government allows too much to be dumped in the river, they have failed to mitigate the negative externality.

• Other Barriers

  • In addition to tariffs and quotas, other barriers to trade exist.
  • Anti-dumping duties: In international trade, dumping refers to a form of predatory pricing in which exported products are priced below the cost of production or below the price charged in the home market.
  • Anti-dumping duties are usually extra taxes levied on the product to neutralize the predatory pricing and bring the price closer to the "normal value. "
  • In that respect, countervailing duties are similar to anti-dumping duties in that they both bring a imported product's value closer to the "normal value. "
  • Sanitary and phytosanitary measures: These are health standards for plants, animals, and other products, and are designed to protect humans, animals, and plants from pests or diseases.

• Trading blocs and agreements

  • Its members include the US, Canada, and Mexico.
  • The practice of dumping involves a company selling products in overseas markets at very low prices, one intention being to steal business from local competitors.
  • In 1993, about 40 nations, counting the European Community as one, had anti-dumping legislation.
  • Those in favor of agreements argue that anti-dumping laws penalize those companies who are capable of competing in favor of those companies that are not competitive.
  • A common market provides for harmonious fiscal and monetary policies while free trade areas and customs unions do not.

• How much waste is out there?

  • A good way to explore waste and costs and how expensive the overall waste picture becomes is with motors.
  • Even offices contain scores of motors because motors come in a breath-taking array of sizes from the enormous to the minuscule and are behind just about everything that moves mechanically (e.g. a fan in a computer, a coolant pump in a refrigerator, or a machine on an assembly line).
  • The diagram below reveals the amounts of waste inherent in a common industrial pumping system.
  • Obviously, as the demand for electricity (and other forms of energy) increases, such large amounts of waste and costs become difficult to ignore.
  • Just as important, governments cannot afford to continue building power plants to compensate for wasteful infrastructure, nor can they continue to ignore big picture externalized costs that are traditionally dumped onto consumers.