research and development

Examples of research and development in the following topics:

• Investing in Research and Development

  • The government can establish intellectual property laws, directly conduct research, or finance research and development.
  • The government has the ability to encourage or discourage research and development.
  • Thus, research and development can improve productivity or simply improve the welfare of society.
  • The government also finances research and development that it does not directly conduct.
  • The moon landing was the result of research and development conducted directly by a government agency.

• Accounting for R&D Activity

  • Research and development costs no longer appear as intangible assets on the balance sheet, but as expenses on the income statement.
  • In the United States, a typical ratio of research and development for an industrial company is about 3.5% of revenues.
  • Research and development costs are the costs incurred in a planned search for new knowledge and in translating such knowledge into new products or processes.
  • Research and development costs thus no longer appear as intangible assets on the balance sheet.
  • Cycle of Research and Development, from "Research and Evaluation on Education in Science and Engineering (REESE), Program Solicitation NSF 09-601"

• Levinson

  • Research shows that positive development does still occur during adulthood.
  • Now that there is scientific proof that individuals continue to develop as adults, researchers have begun investigating how to foster such development.
  • Rather than just describing, as phenomenon, the fact that adults continue to develop, researchers are interested in aiding and guiding that development.
  • More recently, researchers have begun to experiment with hypotheses about fostering positive adult development.
  • Summarize Daniel Levinson's theory of positive adult development and how it influenced changes in the perception of development during adulthood

• Plan the Research Design

  • Conducting exploratory research, precisely defining the variables, and designing appropriate scales to measure them are a part of the research design.
  • Step two includes formulating an objective or theoretical framework, analytical models, research questions, hypotheses, and identifying characteristics or factors that can influence the research design.
  • This process is guided by discussions with management and industry experts , case studies and simulations, analysis of secondary data, qualitative research, and pragmatic considerations.
  • The research plan outlines sources of existing data and spells out the specific research approaches, contact methods, sampling plans, and instruments that researchers will use to gather data.
  • This plan includes a written proposal that outlines the management problem, research objectives, information required, how the results will help management decisions, and the budget allocated for the research.

• Researching Using Digital Media

  • The field of Internet research is relatively new and evolving.
  • Many of these online research methods are related to existing research methodologies, but re-invent and re-think them within the scope of digital technologies, rules and media associated with the internet.
  • Market research is increasingly making use of developments in Web 2.0 technologies and online communities.
  • Digital technologies can quickly adapt to an organization's research needs, while keeping pace with internal development processes.
  • Social media and digital platforms also produce a consumer feedback loop where brands can continually check new ideas, such as product development, from inception to launch.

• Defining Objectives and Formulating Problems

  • Defining the problem and research objectives is the first step involved in the marketing research process.
  • Marketing research uses the scientific method in that data are collected and analyzed to test prior notions or hypotheses.
  • Marketing research aims to provide accurate information that reflects a true state of affairs and, thus, should be conducted impartially.
  • Define the problem and research objectives.
  • Outline objectives and problems as part of the marketing research process

• Developing Insights and an Action Plan

  • An example of a presentation is a PowerPoint document supported by graphs, media, or visual elements that showcase the research objectives, data collection, insights, and conclusions/recommendations.
  • During the Report Preparation & Presentation step, the entire project should be documented in a written report that addresses the specific research questions identified; describes the approach, the research design, data collection, and data analysis procedures adopted; and presents the results and the major findings.
  • In addition, an oral presentation should be made to management using tables, figures, and graphs to enhance clarity and impact .
  • Charts, graphs, and visual elements that help showcase important facts and make the presentation easily digestible and memorable
  • Identify the characteristics of preparing ,presenting and documenting the results of marketing research

• Primary Market Research

  • It can be accomplished through various methods, including questionnaires and telephone interviews in market research, or experiments and direct observations in the physical sciences, amongst others.
  • The term primary research is widely used in academic research, market research and competitive intelligence.
  • There are advantages and disadvantages to primary research.
  • Compared to secondary research, primary data may be very expensive in preparing and carrying out the research.
  • In order to be done properly, primary data collection requires the development and execution of a research plan.

• Descriptive Research

  • Descriptive research refers to the measurement of behaviors and attributes through observation rather than through experimental testing.
  • These studies are used to describe general or specific behaviors and attributes that are observed and measured.
  • Experimental research goes a step further beyond descriptive and correlational research and randomly assigns people to different conditions, using hypothesis testing to make inferences about how these conditions affect behavior.
  • Correlational and experimental research both typically use hypothesis testing, whereas descriptive research does not.
  • Although case studies cannot be generalized to the overall population (as can experimental research), nor can they provide predictive power (as can correlational research), they can provide extensive information for the development of new hypotheses for future testing and provide information about a rare or otherwise difficult-to-study event or condition.

• Writing While You Research

  • As you take notes, you begin to see how you want to put your argument together and may even start developing an in-depth analysis of some of your sources.
  • If you have an idea for your essay while taking notes, don't wait to write it down—start developing it!
  • While the idea is still fresh and clear, take a break from research and start working on your paper's structure or argument.
  • Writing about issues you discover in your research that you find interesting will take the tedium out of researching and outlining and will help you better understand the format your essay will take.
  • It can be tempting to get bogged down in the research process and avoid moving on to actually writing a first draft.