retrograde amnesia

Examples of retrograde amnesia in the following topics:

• Amnesia

  • There are two main forms of amnesia: retrograde and anterograde.
  • Retrograde amnesia is the inability to recall memories made before the onset of amnesia.
  • Brain damage causing retrograde amnesia can be as varied as a cerebrovascular accident, stroke, tumor, hypoxia, encephalitis, or chronic alcoholism.
  • As a result, Wearing developed a profound case of total amnesia, both retrograde and anterograde.
  • There are two main forms of amnesia: retrograde and anterograde.

• Amnesia

  • Amnesia refers to any form of memory loss; there are many causes and types.
  • Amnesia is a condition in which one's memory is lost.
  • Amnesia may also appear in spontaneous episodes, as in the case of transient global amnesia.
  • Retrograde amnesia is the loss of pre-existing memories to conscious recollection beyond an ordinary degree of forgetfulness.
  • Dissociative amnesia can include the following:

• The Limbic System

  • Damage to the hippocampus usually results in profound difficulties in forming new memories (anterograde amnesia), and may also affect access to memories formed prior to the damage (retrograde amnesia).
  • Although the retrograde effect normally extends some years prior to the brain damage, in some cases older memories remain intact; this leads to the idea that over time the hippocampus becomes less important in the storage of memory.

• Neural Correlates of Memory Consolidation

  • Damage to the hippocampus usually results in difficulties forming new memories, or anterograde amnesia, and normally also brings about problems accessing memories that were created prior to the damage, or retrograde amnesia.

• Introduction to Memory Storage

  • Amnesia, a deficit in memory, can be caused by brain damage.
  • Anterograde amnesia is the inability to store new memories; retrograde amnesia is the inability to retrieve old memories.
  • These types of amnesia indicate that memory does have a storage process.

• Analyzing 12-tone music

  • Unless a row has certain properties that allow it to map onto itself when transposed, inverted, or retrograded, there will be 48 forms of the row: prime (P), inversion(I), retrograde (R), and retrograde inversion (RI) forms, transposed to begin on each of the 12 pitch classes.
  • The relationship of retrograde inversion (RI) and inversion (I) forms is the same as that between retrograde (R) and prime (P).
  • Retrograde intervals are tricky (at first).
  • (Test this out with the retrograde form of the row: Bb, A, C, B, . . . )
  • To get the interval succession of the retrograde forms, invert the retrograde interval progression, or reverse the prime interval progression:1, 9, 1, 9, 6, 5, 9, 5, 6, 2, 1

• Repressed Memories

  • Psychogenic amnesia, or dissociative amnesia, is a memory disorder characterized by sudden autobiographical memory loss, said to occur for a period of time ranging from hours to years. 
  • More recently, dissociative amnesia has been defined as a dissociative disorder characterized by gaps in memory of personal information, especially of traumatic events.
  • In a change from the DSM-IV to the DSM-5, dissociative fugue is now classified as a type of dissociative amnesia.
  • Psychogenic amnesia is distinguished from organic amnesia in that it is supposed to result from a nonorganic cause; no structural brain damage or brain lesion should be evident, but some form of psychological stress should precipitate the amnesia.
  • However, psychogenic amnesia as a memory disorder is controversial.

• Dissociative Disorders

  • Amnesia in DID is understood to mean amnesia between two or more of the distinct identities; the host alter will experience "losing time" in the present another alter takes the place of the one the host alter.
  • Amnesia refers to the partial or total forgetting of some experience or event.
  • Dissociative fugue, while it used to be its own diagnosis in the previous DSM-IV-TR, is now subsumed under dissociative amnesia as a specifier (i.e., dissociative amnesia with or without dissociative fugue).
  • Unlike DID, the length of an event of dissociative amnesia may be a few minutes or several years.
  • If an episode is associated with a traumatic event, the amnesia may clear up when the person is removed from the traumatic situation.

• Varicose Veins

  • Veins have leaflet valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards; this backflow is called retrograde or reflux flow.
  • To accommodate the retrograde or reflux flow, the veins enlarge even more.

• Memory Distortions and Biases

  • Source amnesia is the inability to remember where, when, or how previously learned information was acquired, while retaining the factual knowledge.
  • Source amnesia is part of ordinary forgetting, but can also be a memory disorder.
  • People suffering from source amnesia can also get confused about the exact content of what is remembered.