sanction

Examples of sanction in the following topics:

• The Pragmatic Sanction

• Sanctions

  • As opposed to forms of internal control, like norms and values, sociologists consider sanctions a form of external control.
  • Sanctions are mechanisms of social control.
  • Informal sanctions may include shame, ridicule, sarcasm, criticism, and disapproval.
  • In extreme cases, sanctions may include social discrimination and exclusion.
  • Authoritarian organizations and governments may rely on more directly aggressive sanctions.

• Economic Aid and Sanctions

  • States can give economic aid to help another country, or implement economic sanctions to try and force another country to change policies.
  • Sanctions, on the other hand, are penalties (usually in the form of trade policies) that are applied to one country by another.
  • Economic sanctions include, but are not limited to, tariffs, trade barriers, import duties, and import or export quotas.
  • For example, in March 2010, Brazil introduced new sanctions against the US.
  • The WTO is currently supervising talks between the states to remove the sanctions.

• Norms and Sanctions

  • Norms are social rules of behavior, and a sanction is a form of punishment against violation of different norms.
  • The violation of social norms, or deviance, results in social sanction.
  • Different degrees of violation result in different degrees of sanction.
  • There are three main forms of social sanction for deviance: 1) legal sanction, 2) stigmatization, and 3) preference for one behavior over another.
  • Informal deviance, or violation of unwritten, social rules of behavior, results in social sanction, or stigma.

• Social Control

  • In extreme cases sanctions may include social discrimination and exclusion.
  • In extreme cases sanctions may include social discrimination and exclusion.
  • Social control may also be enforced using formal sanctions.
  • Formal sanctions may be used in a large group in which an individual can choose to ignore the sanctions of other individuals.
  • In schools, formal sanctions may include detention, suspension, or other formal punishments.

• Norms

  • Explicit norms are often enforced by formal sanctions.
  • In this case, the formal sanction may be a fine or jail time.
  • Implicit norms are usually enforced by informal sanctions.
  • In this case, informal sanctions might include dirty looks or avoidance.
  • Norms may be enforced through informal sanctions, such as derision, or formal sanctions, such as arrest.

• Voluntary, Involuntary, and Trust Associations

  • An involuntary association is created by the unilateral imposition or the threat of sanctions.
  • This association involves a sanction that will be imposed unless the victim cooperates, and if the victim could have nothing at all to do with the robber he would gladly do so.
  • Here, the sanction is imposed but not threatened, and the polluting companies, for example, have no desire to manipulate the actions of others.
  • The fourth combination of types—sanctions by mutual consent—can exist only when sanctions are falsely expected to be inducements by the party who consents to them.
  • (Since sanctions reduce another person's net satisfaction below what it would be if the actor did nothing at all.

• Minimizing Private Sanctions

  • Sanctions provided for violators may be inadequate to discourage the prohibited action—mere "slaps on the wrist".
  • If the chance that a sanction will actually be imposed is low, people may discount its severity by its improbability.
  • Indeed, increasing the required sanction for breaking a law may reduce the likelihood it will ever be imposed: electrocution deters no jaywalkers if juries refuse to convict flagrant violators because they find the punishment excessive.

• Formal Means of Control

  • Formal means of social control are the means of social control exercised by the government and other organizations who use law enforcement mechanisms and sanctions such as fines and imprisonment to enact social control.
  • From a legal perspective, sanctions are penalties or other means of enforcement used to provide incentives for obedience with the law, or rules and regulations.
  • Criminal sanctions can take the form of serious punishment, such as corporal or capital punishment, incarceration, or severe fines.
  • Within the civil law context, sanctions are usually monetary fines.

• Law, Pseudolaws, and By-Laws

  • We will therefore stipulate that the word law will be used only to refer to the first meaning: a general rule of action enforceable by sanctions.
  • The two key elements in distinguishing laws, pseudolaws, and by-laws are generality and sanctions.
  • If there is not, then the rule is a by-law, which is "enforced" by withdrawn or denied inducements rather than by sanctions.
  • If there is a sanction, however, we must still ascertain whether the rule is a law or a pseudo law, and this is where we must consider generality.
  • In both, individuals are arbitrarily singled out and sanctions imposed or threatened against them.