security

Examples of security in the following topics:

• National Security Policy

  • National security policies, designed to protect the state, include military security as well as non-military security.
  • In order to possess national security, a nation needs to possess economic security, energy security, and environmental security, in addition to a strong military.
  • Military security was the earliest recognized form of national security.
  • Economic security is also a part of national security.
  • Economic security today is, arguably, as important a part of national security as military security.

• Managing Marketable Securities

  • Marketable securities are securities that can be easily liquidated without any delay at a reasonable price.
  • Realistically, management of cash and marketable securities cannot be separated.
  • There are four factors that influence the choice of marketable securities.
  • Maturity: Marketable securities held should mature or can be sold at the same time cost is required.
  • Because these securities are generally held either for specific known need or for use in emergencies, the portfolio should consist of highly liquid short-term securities issued by the government or very strong corporations.

• Securities Act of 1933

  • If person A registers a sale of securities to person B, and then person B seeks to resell those securities, person B must still either file a registration statement or find an available exemption.
  • Many transactions are exempt from regulation under the Securities Act.
  • For public offerings, the main requirement of the Securities Act is registration.
  • the average weekly reported volume of trading in the securities on all national securities exchanges for the preceding four weeks
  • Securities and Exchange Commission (frequently abbreviated SEC) is a federal agency, which holds primary responsibility for enforcing the federal securities laws and regulating the securities industry

• Social Security Legislation

  • The population to whom social security programs are addressed demonstrates how anomalous the meaning of social security is in the United States.
  • Prior to 1935 and the passage of the Social Security Act, social security did not exist in the United States.
  • But how does social security work?
  • If the laws governing social security are not changed by 2017, social security will pay out more funds than it takes in.
  • Discuss the development of Social Security to benefit elderly Americans, and the implications for the future of Social Security if it remains the same

• Providing National Security

  • National security is the protection of the state through a variety of means that include military might, economic power, and diplomacy.
  • These organizations include the Department of Defense, the Department of Homeland Security, the Central Intelligence Agency, and the White House National Security Council.
  • There are a variety of governmental departments and agencies within the United States that are responsible for developing policies to ensure national security.
  • The White House National Security Council is the principal forum used by the President for considering national security and foreign policy matters with his senior national security advisers, and Cabinet officials.
  • the Central Intelligence Agency, responsible for providing national security intelligence assessments

• Privacy Rights and National Security

  • National security practices impact privacy rights for the well-being and domestic security of the United States.
  • Truman signed the National Security Act of 1947 on July 26, 1947.
  • The Act did not define national security.
  • The realization that national security encompasses more than just military security was present early on.
  • National Security Act of 1947 was set up to advise the President on the integration of domestic, military and foreign policies relating to national security.

• Securities Exchange Act of 1934

  • The Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is a law governing the secondary trading of securities, financial markets and their participants.
  • The 1934 Act also established the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), the agency primarily responsible for enforcement of United States federal securities law.
  • While the Securities Act is very limited in scope, the Securities Exchange Act (also known as the Exchange Act or 1934 Act) is much broader.
  • In contrast with the Securities Act of 1933, which regulates these original issues, the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 regulates the secondary trading of those securities between persons often unrelated to the issuer, in most cases through brokers or dealers.
  • Define how the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 regulates the US securities markets

• Security Releases

  • Most of the details of handling security bugs were covered in the section called "Announcing Security Vulnerabilities" in Communications, but there are some special details to discuss for doing security releases.
  • A security release is a release made solely to close a security vulnerability.
  • Because of this lack of testing, a security release should always consist of some existing release plus the fixes for the security bug, with no other changes.
  • Making a security release sometimes involves some minor deception.
  • For example, people would be able to tell just from the numbers that 1.1.2.1 is a security release against 1.1.2, and they would know that any release "higher" than that (e.g., 1.1.3, 1.2.0, etc.) contains the same security fixes.

• Defining the Security Market Line

  • The security market line displays the expected rate of return of a security as a function of systematic, non-diversifiable risk.
  • The security market line graphs the systematic, non-diversifiable risk (stated in terms of beta) versus the return of the whole market at a particular time, and shows all risky marketable securities.
  • The security market line is defined by the equation:
  • All the correctly priced securities are plotted on the SML.
  • This is an example of a security market line graphed.

• Accounting Methodologies: Amortized Cost, Fair Value, and Equity

  • If a business holds debt securities to maturity with the intent to sell are classified as held-to-maturity securities.
  • Held to maturity securities are reported at amortized cost less impairment.
  • Debt and equity securities that are bought and held principally for the purpose of selling them in the near term are classified as trading securities.
  • These securities are reported at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses included in earnings.
  • Debt and equity securities not classified as either held-to-maturity securities or trading securities are classified as available-for-sale securities.