self-pollination

Examples of self-pollination in the following topics:

• Pollination and Fertilization

  • Pollination takes two forms: self-pollination and cross-pollination.
  • These flowers make self-pollination nearly impossible.
  • Some flowers have developed physical features that prevent self-pollination.
  • All of these are barriers to self-pollination; therefore, the plants depend on pollinators to transfer pollen.
  • Determine the differences between self-pollination and cross-pollination, and describe how plants have developed ways to avoid self-pollination

• Mendel’s Model System

  • For this reason, garden pea plants can either self-pollinate or cross-pollinate with other pea plants.
  • In the absence of outside manipulation, this species naturally self-fertilizes: ova (the eggs) within individual flowers are fertilized by pollen (containing the sperm cell) from the same flower.
  • What's more, the flower petals remain sealed tightly until after pollination, preventing pollination from other plants.
  • A gardener or researcher, such as Mendel, can cross-pollinate these same plants by manually applying sperm from one plant to the pistil (containing the ova) of another plant.
  • However, if this first generation of yellow pea plants were allowed to self-pollinate, the following or second generation had a ratio of 3:1 yellow to green peas.

• Plant Reproductive Development and Structure

  • Plant sexual reproduction usually depends on pollinating agents, while asexual reproduction is independent of these agents.
  • With their bright colors, fragrances, and interesting shapes and sizes, flowers attract insects, birds, and animals to serve their pollination needs.
  • Other plants pollinate via wind or water; still others self-pollinate.
  • Plants that reproduce sexually often achieve fertilization with the help of pollinators such as (a) bees, (b) birds, and (c) butterflies.

• Mendelian Crosses

  • In the pea, which is a naturally self-pollinating plant, this is done by manually transferring pollen from the anther of a mature pea plant of one variety to the stigma of a separate mature pea plant of the second variety.
  • To prevent the pea plant that was receiving pollen from self-fertilizing and confounding his results, Mendel painstakingly removed all of the anthers from the plant's flowers before they had a chance to mature.
  • Once Mendel examined the characteristics in the F1 generation of plants, he allowed them to self-fertilize naturally.

• Phenotypes and Genotypes

  • Mendel crossed or mated two true-breeding (self-pollinating) garden peas, Pisum saivum, by manually transferring pollen from the anther of a mature pea plant of one variety to the stigma of a separate mature pea plant of the second variety.
  • Once Mendel examined the characteristics in the F1 generation of plants, he allowed them to self-fertilize naturally.
  • Regardless of how many generations Mendel examined, all self-crossed offspring of parents with white flowers had white flowers, and all self-crossed offspring of parents with violet flowers had violet flowers.

• Sexual Reproduction in Gymnosperms

  • Gymnosperms produce both male and female gametophytes on separate cones and rely on wind for pollination.
  • Because the pollen is shed and blown by the wind, this arrangement makes it difficult for a gymnosperm to self-pollinate.
  • Finally, wind plays an important role in pollination in gymnosperms because pollen is blown by the wind to land on the female cones.
  • Although many angiosperms are also wind-pollinated, animal pollination is more common.

• Components of Connectivism

  • At its core, George Siemens' theory of connectivism is the combined effect of three different components: chaos theory, importance of networks, and the interplay of complexity and self-organization.
  • By using these networks - of people, of technology, of social structures, of systems, of power grids, etc. - learning communities can share their ideas with others, thereby "cross-pollinating" the learning environment (Siemens, 2005, para. 21)
  • Heylighen (2008) describes the delicate interplay between complexity and self-organization as follows: "Complexity cannot be strictly defined, only situated in between order and disorder.
  • However, the system tends to self-organize, in the sense that local interactions eventually produce global coordination and synergy.
  • In addition, Luis Mateus Rocha (1998) defines self-organization as the "spontaneous formation of well organized structures, patterns, or behaviors, from random initial conditions" (p.3).

• Pollination by Insects

  • Wasps are also important insect pollinators, pollinating many species of figs.
  • Moths, on the other hand, pollinate flowers during the late afternoon and night.
  • One well-studied example of a moth-pollinated plant is the yucca plant, which is pollinated by the yucca moth.
  • The shape of the flower and moth have adapted in a way to allow successful pollination.
  • Insects, such as bees, are important agents of pollination.

• Pollination by Bats, Birds, Wind, and Water

  • Non-insect methods of pollination include pollination by bats, birds, wind, and water.
  • These methods include pollination by bats, birds, wind, and water.
  • Unlike the typical insect-pollinated flowers, flowers adapted to pollination by wind do not produce nectar or scent.
  • Flowers often attract pollinators with food rewards, in the form of nectar.
  • Certain orchids use food deception or sexual deception to attract pollinators.

• Herbivory and Pollination

  • This is believed to have been as much a driving force as pollination.
  • Grasses are a successful group of flowering plants that are wind pollinated.
  • Large trees such as oaks, maples, and birches are also wind pollinated.
  • Consequently, plants have developed many adaptations to attract pollinators.
  • Many bird or insect-pollinated flowers secrete nectar, a sugary liquid.