survivorship curve

Examples of survivorship curve in the following topics:

• The Study of Population Dynamics

  • Demography, or the study of population dynamics, is studied using tools such as life tables and survivorship curves.
  • Trees, marine invertebrates, and most fishes exhibit a Type III survivorship curve.
  • Survivorship curves show the distribution of individuals in a population according to age
  • Birds have a Type II survivorship curve, as death at any age is equally probable.
  • Distinguish between life tables and survivorship curves as used in demography

• Sampling Bias

  • This section discusses various types of sampling biases including self-selection bias and survivorship bias.
  • Survivorship bias occurs when the observations recorded at the end of the investigation are a non-random set of those present at the beginning of the investigation.
  • Gains in stock funds is an area in which survivorship bias often plays a role.
  • There is good evidence that this survivorship bias is substantial (Malkiel, 1995).
  • However, this would ignore the survivorship bias occurring because only a subset of aircraft return.

• Curve Sketching

  • Curve sketching is used to produce a rough idea of overall shape of a curve given its equation without computing a detailed plot.
  • Determine the symmetry of the curve.
  • If the exponent of $x$ is always even in the equation of the curve, then the $y$-axis is an axis of symmetry for the curve.
  • Determine the asymptotes of the curve.
  • Also determine from which side the curve approaches the asymptotes and where the asymptotes intersect the curve.

• Exercises

  • Give an example of survivorship bias not presented in this text.

• Theories of Life History

  • Modern theories of life history incorporate life and survivorship factors with ecological concepts associated with r- and K-selection theories.
  • This includes the way they obtain resources and care for their young, as well as length of life and survivorship factors.

• Demand Schedules and Demand Curves

  • A demand curve depicts the price and quantity combinations listed in a demand schedule.
  • The curve can be derived from a demand schedule, which is essentially a table view of the price and quantity pairings that comprise the demand curve.
  • The demand curve of an individual agent can be combined with that of other economic agents to depict a market or aggregate demand curve.
  • In this manner, the demand curve for all consumers together follows from the demand curve of every individual consumer.
  • The demand curve in combination with the supply curve provides the market clearing or equilibrium price and quantity relationship.

• The Relationship Between the Phillips Curve and AD-AD

  • Changes in aggregate demand cause movements along the Phillips curve, all other variables held constant.
  • The Phillips curve shows the inverse trade-off between rates of inflation and rates of unemployment.
  • The Phillips curve and aggregate demand share similar components.
  • Now, imagine there are increases in aggregate demand, causing the curve to shift right to curves AD2 through AD4.
  • These two factors are captured as equivalent movements along the Phillips curve from points A to D.

• The Supply Curve in Perfect Competition

  • In economics, a cost curve is a graph that shows the costs of production as a function of total quantity produced.
  • In a free market economy, firms use cost curves to find the optimal point of production (minimizing cost).
  • The various types of cost curves include total, average, marginal curves.
  • Some of the cost curves analyze the short run, while others focus on the long run.
  • When a table of costs and revenues is available, a firm can plot the data onto a profit curve.

• The Short-Run Phillips Curve

  • The short-run Phillips curve depicts the inverse trade-off between inflation and unemployment.
  • The Phillips curve depicts the relationship between inflation and unemployment rates.
  • During the 1960's, the Phillips curve rose to prominence because it seemed to accurately depict real-world macroeconomics.
  • Given a stationary aggregate supply curve, increases in aggregate demand create increases in real output.
  • The short-run Phillips curve shows that in the short-term there is a tradeoff between inflation and unemployment.

• Market Supply

  • As a result, the supply curve is upward sloping .
  • Market supply is the summation of the individual supply curves within a specific market.
  • The supply curve can be derived by compiling the price-to-quantity relationship of a seller.
  • The market supply curve is simply the sum of every seller's individual supply curve.
  • The market supply curve is an upward sloping curve depicting the positive relationship between price and quantity supplied.