symbionts

Examples of symbionts in the following topics:

• Sea Coral and Sea Anemone Zooxanthellae

  • Generally, these dinoflagellates enter the host cell through phagocytosis, persist as intracellular symbionts, reproduce, and disperse to the environment (note that in most mollusks, Symbiodinium are inter- rather than intra-cellular).
  • The vacuole structure containing the symbiont is therefore termed the symbiosome, and only a single symbiont cell is found within each symbiosome.
  • It is unclear how this membrane expands to accommodate a dividing symbiont cell.
  • Under normal conditions, symbiont and host cells exchange organic and inorganic molecules that enable the growth and proliferation of both partners.

• Protists as Primary Producers, Food Sources, and Symbionts

  • Without dinoflagellate symbionts, corals lose algal pigments in a process called coral bleaching and they eventually die.

• The Energetics of Chemolithotrophy

  • Macrofauna and lithotrophs can form symbiotic relationships, in which case the lithotrophs are called "prokaryotic symbionts".
  • Macrofauna and lithotrophs can form symbiotic relationships, in which case the lithotrophs are called "prokaryotic symbionts".

• Nutrients from Other Sources

  • In other cases, plants may be mutualistic symbionts, epiphytes, or insectivorous.
  • A symbiont is a plant in a symbiotic relationship with other organisms, such as mycorrhizae (with fungi) or nodule formation.

• Symbiosis

  • The termite benefits from the ability of bacterial symbionts within the protozoa to digest cellulose.
  • The protozoa and the bacterial symbionts benefit by having a protective environment and a constant supply of food from the wood-chewing actions of the termite.

• Bacterial Genomes

  • Evolutionary paths led some bacteria to become pathogens and symbionts.
  • Obligate bacterial symbionts or pathogens have the smallest genomes and the fewest number of pseudogenes of the three groups.
  • Evidence of a deletional bias is present in the respective genome sizes of free-living bacteria, facultative and recently derived parasites and obligate parasites and symbionts.

• Epsilonproteobacteria

  • Most of the known species inhabit the digestive tract of animals and serve as symbionts (Wolinella spp. in cows) or pathogens (Helicobacter spp. in the stomach, Campylobacter spp. in the duodenum).

• Host Range

  • A host is an organism that harbors a parasite or a mutual or commensal symbiont, typically providing nourishment and shelter.

• Alphaproteobacteria

  • .), symbionts of plants (e.g., Rhizobium spp.) and animals, and a group of pathogens, the Rickettsiaceae.

• Gammaproteobacteria

  • The Enterobacteriaceae is a large family of Gram-negative bacteria that includes, along with many harmless symbionts, many of the more familiar pathogens, such as Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Yersinia pestis, Klebsiella and Shigella.