The Peace of Westphalia

Examples of The Peace of Westphalia in the following topics:

• The Peace of Westphalia

  • The Peace of Westphalia was a series of peace treaties signed between May and October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster that ended the Thirty Years' War.
  • The end of the war was not brought about by one treaty, but instead by a group of treaties, collectively named the Peace of Westphalia.
  • Many of the imperial territories established in the Peace of Westphalia later became the sovereign nation-states of modern Europe.
  • A simplified map of Europe in 1648, showing the new borders established after the Peace of Westphalia.
  • the Treaty of Münster between the Holy Roman Emperor and France was one of three treaties that made up the Peace of Westphalia

• The Peace of Westphalia and Sovereignty

  • Although the Peace of Westphalia did not end wars in Europe, it established the precedent of peace reached by diplomatic congress and a new system of political order in Europe based upon the concept of co-existing sovereign states.
  • The Peace of Westphalia was a series of peace treaties signed between May and October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster.
  • The Peace of Westphalia established the precedent of peace reached by diplomatic congress and a new system of political order in Europe based upon the concept of co-existing sovereign states.
  • Historical map of Europe after the Peace of Westphalia.
  • Explain the significance of the Peace of Westphalia on European politics and diplomacy.

• Fragmentation of the Holy Roman Empire

  • The Peace of Augsburg ended the war in Germany and accepted the existence of the Protestant princes, although not Calvinism, Anabaptism, or Swiss Reformed.
  • Germany would enjoy relative peace for the next six decades.
  • The Peace of Westphalia in 1648, which ended the Thirty Years' War, gave the territories almost complete independence.
  • Francis' House of Habsburg-Lorraine survived the demise of the empire, continuing to reign as Emperors of Austria and Kings of Hungary until the Habsburg empire's final dissolution in 1918 in the aftermath of World War I.
  • The Holy Roman Empire after the Peace of Westphalia, 1648.

• Cardinal Mazarin and the Fronde

  • During the negotiations of the Peace of Westphalia, which concluded the Thirty Years' War, Mazarin (together with the Queen)  represented France with policies that were French rather than Catholic.
  • However, France's signing of the Peace of Westphalia allowed the French army to return from the frontiers and put Paris under siege.
  • The two warring parties signed the Peace of Rueil (1649) after little blood had been shed.
  • The peace lasted until the end of 1649.
  • A few months of hollow peace followed and the court returned to Paris.

• Administration of the Empire

  • This process began in the 11th century with the Investiture Controversy and was more or less concluded with the 1648 Peace of Westphalia.
  • Without the presence of the king, the old institution of the Hoftag, the assembly of the realm's leading men, deteriorated.
  • The first class, the Council of Electors, consisted of the electors, or the princes who could vote for King of the Romans.
  • In 1356, Emperor Charles IV issued the Golden Bull, which limited the electors to seven: the King of Bohemia, the Count Palatine of the Rhine, the Duke of Saxony, the Margrave of Brandenburg, and the archbishops of Cologne, Mainz, and Trier.
  • The number of territories in the empire was considerable, rising to about 300 at the time of the Peace of Westphalia.

• The Hohenzollerns

  • The cadet Franconian branch of the House of Hohenzollern was founded by Conrad I, Burgrave of Nuremberg (1186-1261).
  • The House of Hohenzollern came to the throne of Brandenburg in 1415.
  • The electors of Brandenburg spent the next two centuries attempting to gain lands to unite their separate territories (the Mark Brandenburg, the territories in the Rhineland and Westphalia, and Ducal Prussia) to form one geographically contiguous domain.
  • In the Peace of Westphalia ending the Thirty Years' War in 1648, Brandenburg-Prussia acquired Farther Pomerania and made it the Province of Pomerania.
  • For this reason, the Hohenzollerns continued to use the additional title of Elector of Brandenburg for the remainder of the empire's run.

• Peace

  • Peace is a state of harmony characterized by the lack of violent conflict or war.
  • Other honorary awards around the world include the Gandhi Peace Prize and the Student Peace Prize.
  • Peace is a state of harmony characterized by the lack of violent conflict or war.
  • A peace movement is a social movement seeking to achieve ideals like the ending of a particular war (or all wars), while also minimizing inter-human violence with the goal of achieving world peace.
  • The peace sign, one of several symbols used to represent peace

• The Rise of Charlemagne

  • Charlemagne is considered the greatest ruler of the Carolingian Dynasty because of the actions he took to bring Europe out of turmoil.
  • Charlemagne was the oldest son of Pepin the Short and Bertrada of Laon.
  • Nearest to Austrasia was Westphalia, and furthest away was Eastphalia.
  • He returned to Saxony in 775, marching through Westphalia and conquering the Saxon fort at Sigiburg.
  • Charlemagne returned through Westphalia, leaving encampments at Sigiburg and Eresburg, which had been important Saxon bastions.

• Peace Overtures and the Evacuation of Philadelphia

  • In response to the defeat at Saratoga, Parliament dispatched the Carlisle Peace Commission to negotiate peace with Congress.
  • The commission was empowered to offer the colonies the semblance of self-rule, or what later became Commonwealth status.
  • The commission was headed by the Earl of Carlisle and included William Eden, a British statesman and diplomat, and George Johnstone, former Governor of West Florida.
  • Congress rejected the peace terms, which did not include recognition of the Declaration of Independence.
  • Evaluate the actions taken by Britain after the battle of Saratoga

• The Camp David Accords

  • The Camp David Accords were part of the Middle East peace process through comprehensive, multi-lateral negotiations.
  • From 1979 (the year of the peace agreement) to 1997, Egypt received military aid of US$1.3 billion annually, which also helped modernize the Egyptian military.
  • The second of these frameworks, A Framework for the Conclusion of a Peace Treaty between Egypt and Israel, led directly to the 1979 Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty, and resulted in Sadat and Begin sharing the 1978 Nobel Peace Prize.
  • There were two 1978 Camp David agreements: A Framework for Peace in the Middle East and A Framework for the Conclusion of a Peace Treaty between Egypt and Israel, the second leading towards the Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty signed in March 1979.
  • Describe the elements of the Framework for Peace in the Middle East and the Framework for the Conclusion of a Peace Treaty between Egypt and Israel.