the rule of law

Examples of the rule of law in the following topics:

• The Rule of Law

  • If all political power grows out of the barrel of a gun, this can only heighten our concerns about how that power is organized and employed.
  • Government-as-bandit can be seen as a problem of the solution.
  • Government-as-bandit imposes sanctions on people in an unprincipled way, and all of the arguments against private-involuntary associations apply even more strongly when the bandit is government itself.
  • Good government, therefore, requires elimination of government-as-bandit.
  • The classical formulation of this said that we should have "the rule of law. " A more specific way of putting it is: Laws, si; pseudo-laws, no!

• Introduction to the Rules of the Game

  • Whether a society emphasizes the use of exchange, reciprocity or eminent domain to allocate resources, "Any economic system requires a set of rules, an ideology to justify them, and a conscience in the individual which makes him strive to carry them out" (Robinson, p 13).
  • This set of rules includes informal institutions and values held by individuals as well as formal law.
  • The structure of the rules of the games shapes the society's economic system.
  • Neoclassical microeconomics does not often explicitly consider the nature of these rules and their relation to economic behavior.

• The Loop Rule

  • Kirchhoff's loop rule states that the sum of the emf values in any closed loop is equal to the sum of the potential drops in that loop.
  • Kirchhoff's loop rule (otherwise known as Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL), Kirchhoff's mesh rule, Kirchhoff's second law, or Kirchhoff's second rule) is a rule pertaining to circuits, and is based on the principle of conservation of energy.
  • Given that voltage is a measurement of energy per unit charge, Kirchhoff's loop rule is based on the law of conservation of energy, which states: the total energy gained per unit charge must equal the amount of energy lost per unit of charge.
  • Kirchhoff's loop rule is a simplification of Faraday's law of induction, and holds under the assumption that there is no fluctuating magnetic field linking the closed loop.
  • An example of Kirchhoff's second rule where the sum of the changes in potential around a closed loop must be zero.

• The Law of Multiple Proportions

  • The law of multiple proportions states that elements combine in small whole number ratios to form compounds.
  • The law of multiple proportions, also known as Dalton's law, was proposed by the English chemist and meteorologist John Dalton in his 1804 work, A New System of Chemical Philosophy.
  • It is a rule of stoichiometry.
  • The law, which was based on Dalton's observations of the reactions of atmospheric gases, states that when elements form compounds, the proportions of the elements in those chemical compounds can be expressed in small whole number ratios.
  • Dalton's law of multiple proportions is part of the basis for modern atomic theory, along with Joseph Proust's law of definite composition (which states that compounds are formed by defined mass ratios of reacting elements) and the law of conservation of mass that was proposed by Antoine Lavoisier.

• Calculating Limits Using the Limit Laws

  • Limits of functions can often be determined using simple laws, such as L'Hôpital's rule and squeeze theorem.
  • Limits of functions can often be determined using simple laws.
  • Application (or repeated application) of the rule often converts an indeterminate form to a determinate form, allowing easy evaluation of the limit.
  • The differentiation of the numerator and denominator often simplifies the quotient and/or converts it to a determinate form, allowing the limit to be evaluated more easily.
  • Calculate a limit using simple laws, such as L'Hôpital's Rule or the squeeze theorem

• The Junction Rule

  • Kirchhoff's junction rule states that at any circuit junction, the sum of the currents flowing into and out of that junction are equal.
  • Kirchhoff's junction rule, also known as Kirchhoff's current law (KCL), Kirchoff's first law, Kirchhoff's point rule, and Kirchhoff's nodal rule, is an application of the principle of conservation of electric charge.
  • Kirchhoff's junction rule states that at any junction (node) in an electrical circuit, the sum of the currents flowing into that junction is equal to the sum of the currents flowing out of that junction.
  • This law is founded on the conservation of charge (measured in coulombs), which is the product of current (amperes) and time (seconds).
  • We justify Kirchhoff's Rules from diarrhea and conservation of energy.

• The Exclusionary Rule

  • The exclusionary rule holds that evidence collected in violation of the defendant's rights is sometimes inadmissible.
  • Supreme Court announced a strong version of the exclusionary rule in the case of Weeks v.
  • For example, the Fifth Amendment's command that no person "shall be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law. "
  • The exclusionary rule is also designed to provide disincentive to prosecutors and police who illegally gather evidence in violation of the Fifth Amendment of the Bill of Rights.
  • It has ultimate (but largely discretionary) appellate jurisdiction over all federal courts and over state court cases involving issues of federal law, and original jurisdiction over a small range of cases.

• Civil Law and Criminal Law

  • Criminal law is the body of law that relates to crime.
  • It is the body of rules that defines conduct that is not allowed because it is held to threaten, harm or endanger the safety and welfare of people.
  • The objectives of civil law are different from other types of law.
  • The law of most of the states is based on the common law of England; the notable exception is Louisiana.
  • The California Penal Code, the codification of criminal law and procedure in the U.S. state of California.

• Primary Sources of American Law

  • The primary sources of American Law are: constitutional law, statutory law, treaties, administrative regulations, and the common law.
  • At both the federal and state levels, the law of the United States was originally largely derived from the common law system of English law, which was in force at the time of the Revolutionary War.
  • Many federal and state statutes have remained on the books for decades after they were ruled to be unconstitutional.
  • First, all U.S. states except Louisiana have enacted "reception statutes" which generally state that the common law of England (particularly judge-made law) is the law of the state to the extent that it is not repugnant to domestic law or indigenous conditions.
  • The reason is that although the courts of the various Commonwealth nations are often influenced by each other's rulings, American courts rarely follow post-Revolution Commonwealth rulings unless there is no American ruling on point, the facts and law at issue are nearly identical, and the reasoning is strongly persuasive.

• Introduction and Importance

  • Kirchhoff's circuit laws are two equations that address the conservation of energy and charge in the context of electrical circuits.
  • Kirchhoff's laws are extremely important to the analysis of closed circuits.
  • However, using Kirchhoff's rules, one can analyze the circuit to determine the parameters of this circuit using the values of the resistors (R1, R2, R3, r1 and r2).
  • The voltage law is a simplification of Faraday's law of induction, and is based on the assumption that there is no fluctuating magnetic field within the closed loop.
  • To determine all variables (i.e., current and voltage drops across the different resistors) in this circuit, Kirchhoff's rules must be applied.