Trail of Broken Treaties

Examples of Trail of Broken Treaties in the following topics:

• American Indian Rights

  • Many of the demands of the movement related to the U.S. government's obligation to honor its treaties with the sovereign American Indian nations.
  • According to the IAT, the Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868) between the U.S. and the Sioux should have returned all retired, abandoned, or out-of-use federal land to the American Indian people from whom it was acquired.
  • The organization was formed to address various issues concerning the American Indian urban community in Minneapolis, including poverty, housing, treaty issues, and police harassment.
  • In 1972, AIM activists marched across the country on what was called the Trail of Broken Treaties.
  • During this time, AIM developed and publicized a 20-point list to summarize its issues with federal treaties and promises.

• American Indian Policy and the Trail of Tears

  • Many other treaties of this nature quickly followed.
  • This abrupt and forced removal resulted in the deaths of more than 4,000 Cherokees on what became known as the "Trail of Tears."
  • In 1987, about 2,200 miles of trails were authorized by federal law to mark the removal of seventeen detachments of the Cherokee people.
  • Called the "Trail of Tears National Historic Trail," it traverses portions of nine states and includes land and water routes.
  • This map illustrates the route of the Trail of Tears.

• Racial Prejudice in the Jackson Era

  • Congress passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830, which authorized the President to negotiate treaties that exchanged Indian tribal lands in the eastern states for lands west of the Mississippi River.
  • In all, Native American tribes signed 94 treaties during Jackson's two terms, ceding thousands of square miles to the federal government.
  • In order to avoid expulsion, a faction of Cherokees signed the Treaty of New Echota in 1835, obtaining money in exchange for their land.
  • Along the way, many died of disease and deprivation in what became known as the "Trail of Tears".
  • Identify the demographic groups in which Jacksonian ideals found most favor and describe the Trail of Tears

• War

  • Negotiations between parties involved at the end of a war often result in a treaty, such as the Treaty of Versailles of 1919, which ended the First World War.
  • Negotiations between parties involved at the end of a war often result in treaties, such as the Treaty of Versailles of 1919, which ended the First World War.
  • Some hostilities, such as insurgency or civil war, may persist for long periods of time with a low level of military activity.
  • In some cases a treaty is never reached, but fighting may trail off and eventually stop after the political demands of the belligerent groups have been reconciled, a political settlement has been negotiated, the combatants are gradually killed or decide the conflict is futile, or the belligerents cease active military engagement but still threaten each other.
  • The Battle of Ravenna, in which France defeated the Spaniards on Easter Sunday in 1512

• The American Indian Wars

  • The western United States had been penetrated by United States forces and settlers before the Civil War: by fur trappers, the Santa Fe Trail, the Oregon Trail, and the Mormon emigration to Utah, as well as by settlement of California and Oregon.
  • In the case of the Santa Fe Trail, this was due to the friendly relationship of the Bents of Bent's Fort with the Cheyenne and Arapaho, and in the case of the Oregon Trail, to the peace established by the Treaty of Fort Laramie.
  • Signed in 1851 between the United States and the plains Indians and the Indians of the northern Rocky Mountains, the treaty allowed passage by migrants and the building of roads and the stationing of troops along the Oregon Trail.
  • Prospectors, motivated by the economic panic of 1873, began to trickle into the Black Hills in violation of the Fort Laramie Treaty.
  • Grant to honor existing treaties and stem the flow of miners into their territories.

• In the West: The Native Americans

  • Such rapid exploration and expansion of migration into the Southeast in the 1820s and 1830s, and ongoing conflict with local Native American tribes, forced the federal government to deal with the so-called "Indian question. " Since the Greenville Treaty in the 1790s, Native Americans were under federal control but remained independent of state governments, which demanded control over the placement of Indian tribes in their territories.
  • This law, on paper, provided for voluntary displacement of Indian tribes to the West and had safeguards for the rights of Indians.
  • In 1821, independent Mexico assumed control over Spain's northern possessions that stretched from Texas to California (including the lucrative Santa Fe trade routes that saw the transportation and exchange of manufactured goods, silver, furs, and mules and connected Mexico to California via the Old Spanish Trail).
  • The 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ceded the territories of California and New Mexico to the United States for $18.5 million.
  • Analyze the waves of westward movement in the early 19th-century and the displacements of native peoples that movement brought about

• Tyler and Texas

  • In 1842, Secretary of State Daniel Webster negotiated the Webster–Ashburton Treaty with Britain, which concluded where the border between Maine and Canada lay.
  • Other significant events included the opening of the Oregon Trail, the Mormon Emigration to Utah in 1846–'47, the California Gold Rush of 1849, the Colorado Gold Rush of 1859, and the completion of the nation's First Transcontinental Railroad on May 10, 1869.
  • President Tyler entered negotiations with the Republic of Texas for an annexation treaty, which he submitted to the Senate.
  • Of the 29 Whig senators, 28 voted against the treaty with only one Whig, a southerner, supporting it.
  • He called for Congress to annex Texas by joint resolution rather than by treaty.

• Diplomacy

  • Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting negotiations between representatives of groups or states.
  • International treaties are usually negotiated by diplomats prior to endorsement by national politicians .
  • The U.S. recognized it as the sole and legitimate government of "all of China" until 1979, when these relations were broken off as a condition for establishing official relations with PR China .
  • One of the main objectives of diplomacy and diplomatic negotiations is signing and negotiating treaties with other countries.
  • If negotiation by national diplomats is successful, the national leaders (as depicted here) sign the treaties.

• A World War

  • War between Britain and France had been formally declared on May18th; nearly two years after the first fighting had broken out in the Ohio Country.
  • Having received reports of the clashes in North America and having secured the support of Great Britain with an Anglo-Prussian alliance, Frederick II crossed the border of Saxony, one of the small German states in league with Austria.
  • In 1763 a peace settlement was reached at the Treaty of Hubertusburg ending the war in central Europe.
  • The Anglo-French hostilities were ended in 1763 by the Treaty of Paris, which involved a complex series of land exchanges, the most important being France's cession to Spain of Louisiana, and to Great Britain the rest of New France except for the islands of St.
  • 1763 peace settlement reached at the Treaty of Hubertusburg ending the war in central Europe.

• The Adams Presidency

  • John Quincy Adams, the sixth president of the United States, was the son of former President John Adams.
  • However, opposition from the states'-rights faction of a hostile Congress limited many of his proposals.
  • In contrast, Jackson and Martin Van Buren instigated the policy of American Indian removal to the West, later leading to the Trail of Tears.
  • During his tenure as secretary of state, Adams was the chief designer of the Monroe Doctrine.
  • Among his diplomatic achievements were treaties of reciprocity with a number of nations, including Denmark, Mexico, the Hanseatic League, the Scandinavian countries, Prussia, and Austria.