Examples of urban planning in the following topics:
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- Hippodam of Miletus on the Ionian coast (the western coast of modern Turkey) was an architect and urban planner who lived between 498 and 408 BCE.
- He is considered the "father" of urban planning, and his name is given to the grid layout of city planning, known as the Hippodamian plan.
- The Hippodamian plan is now known as a grid plan formed by streets intersecting at right angles.
- The city is located on a hillside, and the urban plan forces structure onto the natural landscape.
- In Hippodamus's home city of Miletus, the grid plan would become the model of urban planning followed by the Romans.
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- But what causes urban decay?
- That being said, urban decline results from some combination of socioeconomic decisions, such as the city's urban planning decisions, the poverty of the local populace, the construction of urban infrastructure (such as freeways, roads, and other elements of transportation), and the depopulation of peripheral lands by suburbanization.
- In some ways, urban decline is an inevitable result of urbanity itself.
- The current response to urban decay has been positive public policy and urban design using the principles of New Urbanism.
- The movement came about in the U.S. in the 1980s and continues to have impact on urban planning .
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- The Indus River Valley Civilization (IVC) contained urban centers with
well-conceived and organized infrastructure, architecture, and systems of governance.
- By
2600 BCE, the small Early Harappan communities had become
large urban centers.
- The quality of urban planning suggests efficient municipal
governments that placed a high priority on hygiene or religious ritual.
- Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, and the recently, partially-excavated Rakhigarhi demonstrate the
world's first known urban sanitation systems.
- The first is that there was a single state encompassing all
the communities of the civilization, given the similarity in artifacts, the
evidence of planned settlements, the standardized ratio of brick size, and the apparent
establishment of settlements near sources of raw material.
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- The growth machine theory of urban growth says urban growth is driven by a coalition of interest groups who all benefit from continuous growth and expansion.
- Such preferences echo a common strain of criticism of urban life, which tends to focus on urban decay.
- Cities have responded to urban decay and urban sprawl by launching urban renewal programs.
- Smart growth programs draw urban growth boundaries to keep urban development dense and compact.
- As an approach to urban planning, it encompasses principles such as traditional neighborhood design and transit-oriented development.
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- Urbanization is the physical growth of urban areas as a result of global change.Urbanization is also defined by the United Nations as movement of people from rural to urban areas with population growth equating to urban migration.The United Nations projected that half of the world's population would live in urban areas at the end of 2008.Urbanization is closely linked to modernization, industrialization, and the sociological process of rationalization.
- Percentage of population which is urbanized, by country, as of 2005.As more and more people leave villages and farms to live in cities, urban growth results.The rapid growth of cities like Chicago in the late 19th century and Mumbai a century later can be attributed largely to rural-urban migration and the demographic transition.This kind of growth is especially commonplace in developing countries.
- The United States and United Kingdom have a far higher urbanization level than China, India, Swaziland or Niger, but a far slower annual urbanization rate, since much less of the population is living in a rural area.
- Urbanization can be planned or organic.Planned urbanization, (e.g., planned communities), is based on an advanced plan, which can be prepared for military, aesthetic, economic or urban design reasons.Organic urbanization is not organized and happens haphazardly.Landscape planners are responsible for landscape infrastructure (e.g., public parks, sustainable urban drainage systems, greenways, etc.) which can be planned before urbanization takes place, or afterward to revitalize an area and create greater livability within a region.Planned urbanization and development is the aim of the American Institute of Planners.
- Percentage of population which is urbanized, by country, as of 2005.
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- Urban sociology is the study of social life and interactions in urban areas, using methods ranging from statistical analysis to ethnography.
- It is a well-established subfield of sociology that seeks to study the structures, processes, changes and problems of urban areas and to subsequently provide input for planning and policymaking.
- Urban ecology refers to an idea that emerged out of the Chicago School that likens urban organization to biological organisms.
- Urban ecology has remained an influential theory in both urban sociology and urban anthropology over time.
- Explain urbanization in terms of functionalism and what the Chicago School understood to be some of the causes of urban social problems at that time
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- This shift is part of a large redevelopment plan that seeks to eradicate crime-ridden neighborhoods such as the Cabrini Green Housing Project.
- Urban revitalization is hailed by many as a solution to the problems of urban decline by, as the term suggests, revitalizing decaying urban areas.
- Urban revitalization is closely related to processes of urban renewal, or programs of land redevelopment in areas of moderate- to high-density urban land use.
- Urban revitalization certainly provides potential for future urban growth, though the story of successes and failures remains mixed so far.
- Urban renewal can have many positive effects.
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- Grid plans facilitate development because developers can subdivide and auction off large parcels of land.
- In the 1960s, urban planners moved away from grids and began planning suburban developments with dead ends and cul-de-sacs.
- It attempts to model the lack of planning found in many rapidly built Third World cities.
- This model includes blocks with no fixed order; urban structure is not related to an urban center or CBD.
- An industrial park is an area zoned and planned for the purpose of industrial development.
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- While neighborhoods have expanded with industrialization and the development of even larger urban areas, neighborhoods have always existed.
- Archaeologists have demonstrated through excavations that pre-industrial urban areas contained neighborhoods.
- In this sense, neighborhoods are usually informal, rather than pre-planned by government agencies.
- In some pre-industrial urban traditions, basic municipal functions, such as protection, social regulation of births and marriages, cleaning, and upkeep were handled informally by neighborhoods rather than by urban governments.
- Neighborhoods are close to universal, as most people in urbanized areas would consider themselves to be living in one.
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- After World War II, the local government launched plans to construct a cross-town highway, so most of the Italian inhabitants of Darien Street moved out; as they moved out, even poorer African-American residents moved in.
- To meet the demand, urban areas had to be "recycled," or gentrified.
- These policies enabled black families to move out of urban centers and into the suburbs, thus decreasing the availability of suburban land, while integrationist policies encouraged white movement into traditionally black urban areas.
- It may be the result of fluctuating relationships between capital investments and the production of urban space.
- Developers were able to see that they could purchase the devalued urban land, redevelop the properties, and turn a profit.