White Lotus Society

Examples of White Lotus Society in the following topics:

• Rise of the Ming Dynasty

  • He buried them by wrapping them in white clothes.
  • His rebel force later joined the Red Turbans, a millenarian sect related to the White Lotus Society, and one that followed cultural and religious traditions of Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, and other religions.
  • Although the White Lotus had instigated his rise to power, the emperor later denied that he had ever been a member of the organization, and suppressed the religious movement after he became emperor.

• Joseon Ceramics

  • Celadon, white porcelain, and storage pottery were similar but with slight variations in glazes, incision designs, florality, and weight.
  • Buddhist designs such as lotus flowers and willow trees prevailed in celadon wares.
  • The rise of white porcelain occurred as a result of Confucian influence and ideals, resulting in purer, less pretentious forms lacking artifice and complexity.
  • White porcelains were preferred and praised more than any other porcelains during the Joseon period.
  • This blue and white porcelain jar with pine and bamboo designs was made in 1489 during the early Joseon Dynasty.

• Jain Illustrated Manuscripts

  • Common themes in Jain painting and illustrated manuscript, similar to other forms of Jain art, include the Tirthankaras (Jain saviors, or human beings who achieved the ultimate spiritual salvation and served as role models for society), yakshas and yakshinis (supernatural male and female guardian deities), and holy symbols such as the lotus and the swastika, which symbolized peace and well-being.
  • Rishabha, the first Tirthankara, is usually depicted in either the lotus position or kayotsarga, the standing position.

• White Society in the South

  • Antebellum society in the South consisted of a class of wealthy plantation-owners, a middle class of yeomans, poor whites, and slaves.
  • In his study of Edgefield County, South Carolina, Orville Vernon Burton classified white society into the poor, the yeoman middle class, and the elite.
  • The largest slaveholders, generally owners of large plantations, represented the top stratum of Southern society.
  • The principle of white supremacy, accepted by almost all white southerners of all classes, made slavery seem legitimate, natural, and essential for a civilized society.
  • Only a small minority of free white Southerners owned plantations in the antebellum era.

• Architecture of the Mughal Period

  • It is also the first Indian building to use the Persian double dome, with an outer layer supporting a white marble exterior—a material not seen in earlier Mughal architecture—and the inner layer giving shape to the cavernous interior volume.
  • At Agra, the tomb of Itmad-ud-Daula, completed in 1628, was built entirely of white marble and decorated in elaborate pietra dura mosaic, an inlay technique of using cut and fitted, highly polished colored stones to create images.
  • Located in Agra, the Taj Mahal is a white marble mausoleum built between 1632 and 1648 by Shah Jahan in memory of his third wife, Mumtaz Mahal.
  • The central dome is adorned with a lotus design and is surrounded by four smaller chhatris, each of which also has the same lotus motif.

• The Transformed South

  • Following the Civil War, society in the South was thrown into turmoil as many ex-slaveowners faced their former slaves as equals.
  • The fact that former slaves now held political and military power angered many whites, and this gave rise to movements such as the KKK and other white supremacist organizations.
  • Most white members of both the planter/business class and common farmer class of the South opposed black power and sought white supremacy.
  • Reaction by the angry whites included the formation of violent secret societies, especially the KKK.
  • Conservative reaction continued in both the North and South; the "white liners" movement to elect candidates dedicated to white supremacy reached as far as Ohio in 1875.

• Lenski's Sociological Evolution Approach

  • Lenski's sociological evolution approach views technological progress as the most basic factor in the evolution of societies and cultures.
  • In his books, Power and Privilege and Human Societies: An Introduction to Macrosociology, Lenski expands on the works of Leslie White and Lewis Henry Morgan.
  • He views technological progress as the most basic factor in the evolution of societies and cultures.
  • Unlike White, who defined technology as the ability to create and utilize energy, Lenski focuses on information, its amount and its uses.
  • Lenski claims that members of a society are united by a shared culture, although cultural patterns become more diverse as a society gains more complex technology and information.

• Vase Painting in the Orientalizing Period

  • Palmettes and lotus blossoms were used instead of geometric patterns to fill empty space, although on some vessels negative space became more prominent.
  • Additionally, red and white pigments could be added for more color or to differentiate details.

• Nayak Architecture

  • The temple complex also includes a sacred temple tank, the Porthamarai Kulam, or Pond with the Golden Lotus.
  • The structure was constructed using foliated brickwork and the surface details finished in stucco mixed from shell lime and egg whites to provide a smooth and glossy texture.

• "Poor Whites"

  • "Poor whites" were the lowest white class in the antebellum south; in spite of their poverty, most still supported the Confederacy.
  • In his study of Edgefield County, South Carolina, Orville Vernon Burton classified white society into three groups: the poor, the yeoman middle class (also called the plain folk of the Old South), and the elite.
  • However, Stephanie McCurry argues that yeomen were clearly distinguished from poor whites because yeoman owned land.
  • Wetherington (2005) argues that the plain folk (of Georgia) supported secession in the name of their families, homes, and notions of white liberty.
  • White supremacy and masculinity depended on slavery, which Lincoln's Republicans threatened.