chemokine
(noun)
Any of various cytokines, produced during inflammation, that organize the leukocytes.
Examples of chemokine in the following topics:
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Cytokines and Chemokines
- Cytokines and chemokines are both small proteins secreted by cells of the immune system.
- Proteins are classified as chemokines according to shared structural characteristics, such as small size (they are all approximately 8-10 kilodaltons in size), and the presence of four cysteine residues in conserved locations that are key to forming their 3-dimensional shape.
- Some chemokines are considered pro-inflammatory and can be induced during an immune response to recruit cells of the immune system to a site of infection, while others are considered homeostatic and are involved in controlling the migration of cells during normal processes of tissue maintenance or development.
- Chemokines are found in all vertebrates, some viruses and some bacteria, but none have been described for other invertebrates.
- These proteins exert their biological effects by interacting with G protein-linked transmembrane receptors called chemokine receptors, that are selectively found on the surfaces of their target cells.
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HIV Attachment and Host Cell Entry
- Entry to the cell begins through interaction of the trimeric envelope complex and both CD4 and a chemokine receptor on the host cell on the cell surface.
- Once gp120 is bound with the CD4 protein, the envelope complex undergoes a structural change, exposing the chemokine binding domains of gp120 and allowing them to interact with the target chemokine receptor.
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Virus Attachment and Genome Entry
- This is because its surface protein, gp120, specifically interacts with the CD4 molecule, a chemokine receptor, which is most commonly found on the surface of CD4+ T-Cells.
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Macrophages
- They respond to local stimuli by producing cytokines that make the endothelial cells more sticky (through the increased expression of cell adhesion molecules such as P-selectin) and so-called chemokines, that promote the directed migration of inflammatory cells.
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Antimicrobial Peptides
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Chemotaxis
- Most frequently investigated chemoattractants are formyl peptides and chemokines.
- The most frequently investigated chemorepellents are inorganic salts, amino acids and some chemokines.
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General Features of Virus Replication
- Its surface protein, gp120, specifically interacts only with the CD4 molecule – a chemokine receptor – which is most commonly found on the surface of CD4+ T-Cells.