Examples of pyruvic acid in the following topics:
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- Pyruvic acid (CH3COCOOH) is an organic acid, a ketone, and the simplest of the alpha-keto acids.
- Pyruvic acid (CH3COCOOH; is an organic acid, a ketone, and the simplest of the alpha-keto acids.
- The carboxylate (COO−) anion of pyruvic acid.
- Pyruvic acid can be made from glucose through glycolysis, converted back to carbohydrates (such as glucose) via gluconeogenesis, or to fatty acids through acetyl-CoA.
- Pyruvate can be converted into carbohydrates via gluconeogenesis, to fatty acids or energy through acetyl-CoA, to the amino acid alanine, and to ethanol.
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- During fermentation, pyruvate is metabolised to various compounds.
- Homolactic fermentation is the production of lactic acid from pyruvate; alcoholic fermentation is the conversion of pyruvate into ethanol and carbon dioxide; and heterolactic fermentation is the production of lactic acid as well as other acids and alcohols.
- Pyruvic acid can be made from glucose through glycolysis, converted back to carbohydrates (such as glucose) via gluconeogenesis, or to fatty acids through acetyl-CoA.
- It can also be used to construct the amino acid alanine and be converted into ethanol.
- Pyruvic acid supplies energy to living cells through the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle) when oxygen is present (aerobic respiration), and alternatively ferments to produce lactic acid when oxygen is lacking (fermentation).
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- Furthermore, lactic acid and other metabolic products contribute to the organoleptic and textural profile of a food item.
- This aspect partially enables LAB to outcompete other bacteria in natural fermentation, as they can withstand the increased acidity from organic acid production (e.g., lactic acid).
- Under conditions of excess glucose and limited oxygen, homolactic LAB catabolize one mole of glucose in the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway to yield two moles of pyruvate.
- Intracellular redox balance is maintained through the oxidation of NADH, concomitant with pyruvate reduction to lactic acid.
- Discuss the role of non-spore forming Firmicutes in industrial applications, specifically lactic acid bacteria (LAB)
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- The citric acid cycle is a key component of the metabolic pathway by which all aerobic organisms generate energy.
- The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid, a type of tricarboxylic acid that is first consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle.
- One of the primary sources of acetyl-CoA is sugars that are broken down by glycolysis to produce pyruvate that, in turn, is decarboxylated by the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase.
- CH3C(=O)C(=O)O– (pyruvate) + HSCoA + NAD+ → CH3C(=O)SCoA (acetyl-CoA) + NADH + H+ + CO2
- The product of this reaction, acetyl-CoA, is the starting point for the citric acid cycle.
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- During glycolysis, pyruvate is formed from glucose metabolism.
- During aerobic conditions, the pyruvate enters the mitochondrion to be fully oxidized by the Krebs cycle.
- The initial phosphorylation of glucose is required to destabilize the molecule for cleavage into two pyruvate.
- Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 Pi + 2 ADP → 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP + 2 H+ + 2 H2O + heat
- A diagram of cellular respiration including glycolysis, Krebs cycle (AKA citric acid cycle), and the electron transport chain.
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- The citric acid cycle, commonly referred to as the Krebs cycle, is characterized by the production of energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into carbon dioxide.
- The citric acid cycle, comprised of a series of chemical reactions, provides precursors for additional biochemical pathways.
- The precursors include amino acids and reducing agents such as NADH.
- Additional pathways that require precursors formed by the TCA include amino acid and nucleotide synthesis .
- Glycolysis is characterized by a series of reactions that results in the conversion of glucose into pyruvate.
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- Once inside, the major route of breakdown is glycolysis, where sugars such as glucose and fructose are converted into pyruvate and some ATP is generated.
- Pyruvate is an intermediate in several metabolic pathways, but the majority is converted to acetyl-CoA and fed into the citric acid cycle.
- Fats are catabolised by hydrolysis to free fatty acids and glycerol.
- The glycerol initiates glycolysis and the fatty acids are broken down by beta oxidation to release acetyl-CoA, which then is fed into the citric acid cycle.
- Several of these keto acids are intermediates in the citric acid cycle, for example the deamination of glutamate forms α-ketoglutarate.
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- This involves the synthesis of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA and the esterification of fatty acids in the production of triglycerides, a process called lipogenesis.
- Fatty acids are made by fatty acid synthases that polymerize and then reduce acetyl-CoA units.
- For example, in humans, the desaturation of stearic acid by stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 produces oleic acid.
- The doubly unsaturated fatty acid linoleic acid as well as the triply unsaturated α-linolenic acid cannot be synthesized in mammalian tissues, and are therefore essential fatty acids and must be obtained from the diet.
- In archaea, the mevalonate pathway produces these compounds from acetyl-CoA, while in plants and bacteria the non-mevalonate pathway uses pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate as substrates.
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- This pathway produces pyruvate via conversion of bicarbonate and also results in the production of intermediates such as acetyl-CoA, gloxylate and succinyl-CoA.
- Glyoxylate, the conjugate base of glyoxylic acid, is the form that exists at a neutral pH.
- The importance of glyoxylate within microorganisms is in its ability to convert fatty acids into carbohydrates.
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- Biosynthetic building blocks utilized by organisms include amino acids, purines, pyrimidines, lipids, sugars, and enzyme cofactors.
- This process utilizes precursors such as pyruvate, lactate, or glycerol .