Examples of reducing agent in the following topics:
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- The cycle provides precursors including certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous biochemical reactions.
- The cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide.
- In addition, one complete turn of the cycle converts three equivalents of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) into three equivalents of reduced NAD+ (NADH), one equivalent of ubiquinone (Q) into one equivalent of reduced ubiquinone (QH2), and one equivalent each of guanosine diphosphate (GDP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi) into one equivalent of guanosine triphosphate (GTP).
- In addition, the cycle provides precursors including certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous biochemical reactions.
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- Antisense agents are short oligonucleotides that bind to target messenger RNA and inhibit protein synthesis.
- When this agent binds to the pathogen DNA or messenger RNA, the biosynthesis of target proteins is disrupted.
- Therefore, there are at least two ways in which antisense agents act to effectively reduce the amount of pathogenic protein being synthesized - RNase H based degradation of RNA and prevention of ribosomal assembly and translation.
- Antisense agents also exhibit efficacy in broader clinical applications such as cancer therapy.
- Discuss the mechanism of antisense agents and the advantages and disadvantages of antisense therapy
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- This is especially a problem when broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents are used, as antimicrobial treatments while helping to clear up pathogenic microbes from the body will often kill symbiotic bacteria.
- Antimicrobial agents which can kill beneficial gut flora can reduce the numbers of individual microbes or reduce the species of beneficial bacteria.
- Yeast infections can be caused by antibiotics, as well as using aggressive topical cleaning agents such as detergents which again kill off beneficial lactobacilli allowing C. albicans to overgrow.
- Fortunately there are antimicrobial agents that specifically target pathogenic bacterial species, which opposed to broad-spectrum treatments can reduce harmful effects on beneficial microbes.
- Sometimes the use of broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents is unavoidable; in these situations, consuming foods such as yogurt which contains beneficial bacteria can replenish the body's symbiotic microbes.
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- More careful use of antimicrobial agents, such as antibiotics, is also considered vital.
- Despite sanitation protocol, patients cannot be entirely isolated from infectious agents.
- Because agent and host factors are more difficult to control, interruption of transfer of microorganisms is directed primarily at transmission.
- Modern sanitizing methods such as NAV-CO2 have been effective against gastroenteritis, MRSA, and influenza agents.
- Wearing an apron during patient care reduces the risk of infection.
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- A bacteriostatic agent is a biological or chemical agent that stops bacteria from reproducing by targeting DNA replication and proteins.
- A bacteriostatic agent or bacteriostat, abbreviated Bstatic, is a biological or chemical agent that stops bacteria from reproducing, while not necessarily harming them.
- High concentrations of some bacteriostatic agents are also bactericidal, whereas low concentrations of some bacteriocidal agents are bacteriostatic.
- It is commonly used to treat acne today, and, more recently, rosacea, and is historically important in reducing the number of deaths from cholera.
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- The killing agent can be different (e.g., heat, chemical with certain concentration) depending on the specific application.
- In the food industry, it is important to reduce the amount of microbes in products to ensure proper food safety.
- This is usually done by thermal processing and finding ways to reduce the number of bacteria in the product.
- Such death curves can be empirically established for all bactericidal agents.
- The killing agent is heat at 121ºC.
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- Each antimicrobial substance or agent achieves a different level of microbial elimination by a certain mechanism.
- Chemical agents that can eliminate or suppress microbial life are separated in different groups based on their use.
- Antiseptics are antimicrobial substances that are applied to living tissue or skin to reduce the possibility of infection, sepsis, or putrefaction.
- In this classification, antibacterials are divided into two broad groups according to their biological effect on microorganisms: bactericidal agents kill bacteria, andbacteriostatic agents slow down or stall bacterial growth.
- Both sanitization and disinfection reduce the number of targeted pathogenic organisms to what are considered "acceptable" levels - levels that a reasonably healthy, intact body can deal with.
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- They are aggravated by the reduced resistance of individual patients.
- More careful use of antimicrobial agents, such as antibiotics, is also considered vital.
- Despite sanitation protocol, patients cannot be entirely isolated from infectious agents.
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- Those that result in bacterial death are called bactericidal agents.
- Those causing temporary inhibition of growth are bacteriostatic agents.
- No single antimicrobial agent is most effective for use in all situations - different situations may call for different agents.
- A number of factors affect selection of the best agent for any given situation - Antimicrobial agents must be selected with specific organisms and environmental conditions in mind.
- Once an agent has been selected, it is important to evaluate it's effectiveness.
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- This can include: reducing the plants internal signaling mechanisms or reduction of phytochemicals production.
- (causal agents of: canker rot, black root rot, Thielaviopsis root rot)
- Magnaporthe grisea (causal agent of blast of rice and gray leaf spot in turfgrasses)