Examples of reduction in the following topics:
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- Genome reduction is the loss of genome size of a species in comparison to its ancestors.
- The opposite or genome reduction also occurs.
- Genome reduction, also known as genome degradation, is the process by which a genome shrinks relative to its ancestor.
- Genomes fluctuate in size regularly; however, genome size reduction is most significant in bacteria.The most evolutionary significant cases of genome reduction may be the eukaryotic organelles that are derived from bacteria: the mitochondrion and plastid.
- The reductive evolution model has been proposed as an effort to define the genomic commonalities seen in all obligate endosymbionts.
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- E. coli) only produce nitrate reductase and therefore can accomplish only the first reduction leading to the accumulation of nitrite.
- Generally, several species of bacteria are involved in the complete reduction of nitrate to molecular nitrogen, and more than one enzymatic pathway have been identified in the reduction process.
- The direct reduction of nitrate to ammonium (dissimilatory nitrate reduction) can be performed by organisms with the nrf-gene.
- This is a less common method of nitrate reduction than denitrification in most ecosystems.
- Outline the processes of nitrate reduction and denitrification and the organisms that utilize it
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- Sulfate reduction is a type of anaerobic respiration that utilizes sulfate as a terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
- Sulfate reduction is a type of anaerobic respiration that utilizes sulfate as a terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
- The overall process, thus, involves an investment of two molecules of the energy carrier ATP, which must to be regained from the reduction.
- The hydrogen produced during fermentation is actually what drives respiration during sulfate reduction.
- Outline the process of sulfate and sulfur reduction including its various purposes
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- Reduction occurs when an oxidant gains an electron.
- Photosynthesis involves the reduction of carbon dioxide into sugars and the oxidation of water into molecular oxygen.
- Proton reduction is important for setting up electrochemical gradients for anaerobic respiration.
- The electron acceptor NAD+ is regenerated from NADH formed in oxidative steps of the fermentation pathway by the reduction of oxidized compounds.
- In every redox reaction you have two halves: reduction and oxidation.
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- These molecules have a lower reduction potential than oxygen; thus, less energy is formed per molecule of glucose in anaerobic versus aerobic conditions.
- Nitrate, like oxygen, has a high reduction potential.
- Sulfate reduction uses sulfate (SO2−4) as the electron acceptor, producing hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as a metabolic end product.
- Sulfate reduction is a relatively energetically poor process, and is used by many Gram negative bacteria found within the δ-Proteobacteria.
- These include the reduction of fumarate to succinate, Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) to trimethylamine (TMA), and Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to Dimethyl sulfide (DMS).
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- Selenate (SeO2−4) reduction to selenite (SeO2−3) and selenite reduction to inorganic selenium (Se0)
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- Time-temperature measurements of bacterial reduction is determined by a D-value, meaning how long it would take to reduce the bacterial population by 90% or one log10 at a given temperature.
- The target of reduction in canning is the 12-D reduction of Clostridium botulinum, which means that processing time will reduce the amount of this bacteria by 1012 bacteria per gram or milliliter.
- A 12-D reduction will take 151 seconds .
- This curve presents the DR value (12.6 seconds) and the 12-D reduction (151 seconds) for C. botulinum.
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- This process requires a number of reduction reactions using various carbon compounds.
- These enzymes are unique to reverse TCA and are necessary for the reductive carboxylation to occur.
- 5) succincyl CoA is converted to alpha-ketoglutarate via an alpha-ketoglutarate synthase (reduction of carbon dioxide occurs and oxidation of coenzyme A)
- The organisms classified as Thermoproteus utilizes sulfur reduction for metabolic processes.
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- This type of reaction results in N2 gaining electrons (see above equation) and is thus termed a reduction reaction.
- The enzymatic reduction of N2 to ammonia therefore requires an input of chemical energy, released from ATP hydrolysis, to overcome the activation energy barrier.
- Substrate binding and reduction takes place on component I, which binds to ATP and ferredoxin or flavodoxin proteins (Fdx or Fld) (see step B).
- Note this is a reduction reaction which means that electrons must be added to the N2 to reduce it to NH4.
- A) Components I and II are dissociated; II is ready for reduction.
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- The Calvin Cycle is also referred to as the reductive pentose phosphate cycle or the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle.
- The process of carbon fixation involves the reduction of carbon dioxide to organic compounds by living organisms.
- The Calvin cycle can be divided into three major phases which include: Phase 1: carbon fixation; Phase 2: reduction; and Phase 3: regeneration of ribulose .
- Once 3-PGA is formed, one of two molecules formed continues into the reduction phase (phase 2).