secondary infection

Examples of secondary infection in the following topics:

• Secondary Immunodeficiency Diseases

  • Most cases of immunodeficiency are acquired ("secondary") but some people are born with defects in their immune system, or primary immunodeficiency.
  • An immunocompromised person may be particularly vulnerable to opportunistic infections, in addition to normal infections that could affect everyone.
  • A number of rare diseases feature a heightened susceptibility to infections from childhood onward.
  • HIV directly infects a small number of T helper cells and also impairs other immune system responses indirectly.
  • In the absence of specific treatment, around half the people infected with HIV develop AIDS within 10 years.

• Leptospirosis

  • Leptospirosis is a rare and severe infection caused by Leptospira bacteria and usually transmitted to people from animals.
  • Although rats, mice, and moles are important primary hosts, a wide range of other mammals (including dogs, deer, rabbits, hedgehogs, cows, sheep, raccoons, opossums, skunks, and certain marine mammals) are able to carry and transmit the disease as secondary hosts.
  • Dogs may lick the urine of an infected animal off the grass or soil or drink from an infected puddle.
  • Leptospirosis is also transmitted by the semen of infected animals.
  • Humans become infected through contact with water, food, or soil containing urine from these infected animals.

• Lymphogranuloma Venereum

  • Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) is a sexually transmitted disease which causes an infection of the lymph nodes.
  • LGV is an infection of the lymph nodes.
  • In the primary stage, symptoms appear within days after infection.
  • The first symptom is usually painless ulcers at the contact area.The secondary stage can manifest from days to months later.
  • Prognosis is best if treatment starts early in the infection process.

• Schistosomiasis

  • These supplies and facilities are often exposed to contaminated water that contains infected snails.
  • These infect freshwater snails by penetrating their skin.
  • This contains germ cells which will divide to produce secondary sporocysts.
  • In turn, these migrate to the snails' hepatopancreas and the germ cells, now present within the secondary sporocysts, will divide to form thousands of new parasites called cercariae.
  • These are the larvae capable of infecting mammals.

• Primary and Secondary Antibody Responses

  • The immune system protects organisms from infection first with the innate immune system, then with adaptive immunity.
  • The immune system protects organisms from infection with layered defenses of increasing specificity.
  • Here, the immune system adapts its response during an infection to improve its recognition of the pathogen.
  • Following clearance of the infection, antibody level and effector T cell activity gradually declines.
  • These later infections can be mild or even inapparent.

• Viroids

  • ASBV is the smallest known viroid that infects plants and is transmitted by pollen and infected seeds or budwood.
  • Trees infected with the viroid often show no symptoms other than a reduction in yield.
  • Their secondary structure is key to their biological activity.
  • ASBV is the smallest known viroid that infects plants and is transmitted by pollen and infected seeds or budwood.
  • black - secondary structure of the viroid red - GAAAC sequence common to all viroids yellow - central conservative sequence blue - nucleotide numbers

• Ergot Poisoning

  • The life cycle of C. purpurea begins when an ergot kernel, called a sclerotium, infects the host.
  • The first stage of ergot infection is a white soft tissue, called Sphacelia segetum, that drops out of the host.
  • The white soft tissue contains asexual spores which infect additional host plants.
  • Alkaloids are produced within various organisms as a secondary metabolite.
  • Secondary metabolites are most commonly produced in plants as a defense system.

• Making Memory B Cells

  • Memory B cells are a B cell sub-type that are formed following primary infection.
  • Memory B cells are a B cell sub-type that are formed following a primary infection .
  • Most of them differentiate into the plasma cells, also called effector B cells (which produce the antibodies) and clear away with the resolution of infection.
  • Thus, a stronger (basically, larger number of antibody molecules) and more specific antibody production is the hallmark of secondary antibody response.
  • They form memory cells that remember the same pathogen for faster antibody production in future infections.

• Salmonellosis

  • Salmonellosis is an infection by the Salmonella bacteria that results in diarrhea, fever, vomiting, and abdominal cramps.
  • Salmonellosis is an infection with the Salmonella bacteria .
  • Most people infected with Salmonella develop diarrhea, fever, vomiting, and abdominal cramps 12 to 72 hours after infection.
  • After bacterial infections, reactive arthritis (Reiter's syndrome) can develop.
  • In the generalized form of the disease, salmonellae pass through the lymphatic system of the intestine into the blood of the patients (typhoid form) and are carried to various organs (liver, spleen, kidneys) to form secondary foci (septic form).

• Finding Patient Zero and Tracking Diseases

  • The index case is identified in epidemiology studies by tracking down the infected patients to try to determine how the disease originated.
  • Earlier cases may be found and are labeled primary, secondary, tertiary, etc.
  • The index case is identified in epidemiology studies by tracking down the infected patients to try to determine how the disease originated.
  • She was presumed to have infected some 51 people, three of whom died, over the course of her career as a cook.
  • "In this manner the famous 'Typhoid Mary' infected family after family