substrate analog

Examples of substrate analog in the following topics:

• Reporter Fusions

  • This enzyme causes bacteria expressing the gene to appear blue when grown on a medium that contains the substrate analog X-gal.
  • In these cases it is important that both proteins be able to properly fold into their active conformations and interact with their substrates despite being fused.

• Nucleotide and Nonnucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

  • Nucleoside and nucleotide inhibitors are also called competitive substrate inhibitors.

• Substrates for Biosynthesis

  • Major metabolic pathways require substrates to be acted upon for the formation of larger, more complex products.
  • The major metabolic pathways require substrates to be acted upon for the formation of larger, more complex products.
  • These precursors are used as substrates for the biogenesis of large complex products.
  • This process is characterized by the production of various intermediates and molecules that function as substrates in additional pathways .
  • This pathway, comprised of a series of reactions, produces many intermediates and molecules utilized as substrates for biosynthesis in additional pathways.

• Sponge Communities

  • This provides an excellent substrate for sponge larvae to settle upon, and new sponges grow on the framework of past generations.
  • The growth of sponge reefs is thus analogous to that of coral reefs.

• Pili and Pilus Assembly

  • They are sometimes called "sex pili", in analogy to sexual reproduction, because they allow for the exchange of genes via the formation of "mating pairs".
  • The external ends of the pili adhere to a solid substrate, either the surface to which the bacteria are attached or to other bacteria, and when the pilus contracts, it pulls the bacteria forward, like a grappling hook.

• Fermentation Without Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

  • Sugars are the most common substrate of fermentation, and typical examples of fermentation products are ethanol, lactic acid, lactose, and hydrogen.

• ABC Transporters

  • ABC transporters are transmembrane proteins that utilize the energy of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis to carry out certain biological processes including translocation of various substrates across membranes and non-transport-related processes such as translation of RNA and DNA repair.
  • They transport a wide variety of substrates across extra- and intracellular membranes, including metabolic products, lipids and sterols, and drugs.
  • The substrates that can be transported include ions, amino acids, peptides, sugars, and other molecules that are mostly hydrophilic.
  • The membrane-spanning region of the ABC transporter protects hydrophilic substrates from the lipids of the membrane bilayer thus providing a pathway across the cell membrane .

• Clostridial and Propionic Acid Fermentation

  • Acetic acid is equally a co-metabolite of the organic substrates' fermentation (sugars, glycerol, lactic acid, etc.) by diverse groups of microorganisms which produce different acids: Propionic bacteria (propionate + acetate), Clostridium (butyrate + acetate), Enterobacteria (acetate + lactate), Hetero-fermentative bacteria (acetate, propionate, butyrate, valerate, etc.)
  • Hydrolytic bacteria form a variety of reduced end-products from the fermentation of a given substrate.
  • Acetic acid is equally a co-metabolite of the organic substrates' fermentation (sugars, glycerol, lactic acid, etc.) by diverse groups of microorganisms, which produce different acids:

• Fermented Foods

  • Enrichment of the diet through development of a diversity of flavors, aromas, and textures in food substrates.
  • Biological enrichment of food substrates with protein, essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, and vitamins.

• Polysaccharide Biosynthesis

  • It is used in nucleotide sugars metabolism as an activated form of glucose as a substrate for enzymes called glucosyltransferases.
  • Gluconeogenesis (abbreviated GNG) is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP).