base

Examples of base in the following topics:

• Arches and Domes

  • As the forces in an arch are carried toward the ground, the arch will push outward at the base (called thrust).
  • This type of arch has pinned connections at the base.
  • When the base of a dome is not the same shape as its supporting walls, for example when a circular dome is on a square structure, techniques are employed to transition between the two.
  • Pendentives are triangular sections of a sphere used to transition from the flat surfaces of supporting walls to the round base of a dome.
  • Compound domes are part of the structure of a large sphere below that of the dome itself, forming a circular base, as shown in .

• Lasers

  • A laser is a device that emits monochromatic light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of photons.
  • It does so through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of photons.
  • Principles of laser operation are largely based on quantum mechanics.

• Measurements: Gauge Pressure and the Barometer

  • Hydrostatic based barometers consist of columnar devices usually made from glass and filled with a static liquid of consistent density.
  • The columnar section is sealed, holds a vacuum, and is partially filled with the liquid while the base section is open to the atmosphere and makes an interface with the surrounding environment .
  • As the atmospheric pressure changes, the pressure exerted by the atmosphere on the fluid reservoir exposed to the atmosphere at the base changes, increasing as the atmospheric pressure increases and decreasing as the atmospheric pressure decreases.
  • This change in pressure causes the height of the fluid in the columnar structure to change, increasing in height as the atmosphere exerts greater pressure on the liquid in the reservoir base and decreasing as the atmosphere exerts lower pressure on the liquid in the reservoir base.
  • Hydrostatic based barometers most commonly use water or mercury as the static liquid.

• Mass Spectrometer

  • Mass spectrometers, as diagramed in , separate compounds based on a property known as the mass-to-charge ratio.
  • Based on parameters, such as how long it takes the molecule to travel a certain distance or the amount of deflection caused by the field, a mass can be calculated for the ion.
  • The detector differentiates the ions based on how far they curve in the magnetic field.

• Biology: DNA Structure and Replication

  • Each deoxyribose is connected to a base that extends between the two backbones.
  • Four bases can be found in DNA: adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine.
  • The bases of each strand of DNA are positioned close to one another but not as a result of formal chemical bonds.

• Conductors and Insulators

  • Based on the ability to conduct current, materials are divided into conductors and insulators.
  • All materials can be categorized as either insulators or conductors based on a physical property known as resistivity.

• Effects of Time Dilation: The Twin Paradox and the Decay of the Muon

  • In the spacetime diagram , drawn for the reference frame of the Earth-based twin, that twin's world line coincides with the vertical axis (his position is constant in space, moving only in time).
  • Just before turnaround, the traveling twin calculates the age of the Earth-based twin by measuring the interval along the vertical axis from the origin to the upper blue line.
  • In a sense, during the U-turn the plane of simultaneity jumps from blue to red and very quickly sweeps over a large segment of the world line of the Earth-based twin.
  • The traveling twin reckons that there has been a jump discontinuity in the age of the Earth-based twin.

• Celsius Scale

  • This definition also precisely relates the Celsius scale to the Kelvin scale, which defines the SI base unit of thermodynamic temperature and which uses the symbol K.
  • Based on this, the relationship between degree Celsius and Kelvin is as follows:
  • Note that water changes states based on the pressure and temperature.

• Basic Map Types

  • Dot maps use dots to show comparative densities of features over a base map.
  • However, in a graduated symbol map, symbol size varies based on quantity or magnitude.
  • For example, an election map depicts shaded states of blue or red based on the percentage of votes cast for a politician or party.

• The Spectrometer

  • In you can see a very simple spectroscope based on a prism.