bone grafting

Examples of bone grafting in the following topics:

• Bone Grafting

  • Bone grafting is a surgical procedure that replaces missing bone in order to repair bone fractures.
  • Most bone grafts are expected to be reabsorbed and replaced as the natural bone heals over a few months' time.
  • As native bone grows, it will generally replace the graft material completely, resulting in a fully-integrated (remodeled) region of new bone.
  • Bone grafting is also used to fuse joints to prevent movement, repair broken bones that have bone loss, and repair broken bone that has not yet healed.
  • A surgeon places a bone graft into position during a limb salvage.

• Clinical Advances in Bone Repair

  • Advances in bone repair include osseointegration: the direct structural and functional connection between bone and an artificial implant.
  • Clinical advances in bone repair include the technique of osseointegration.
  • When osseointegration occurs, the implant is tightly held in place by the bone .
  • The process of osseointegration in metal foams is similar to that in bone grafts.
  • The porous bone-like properties of the metal foam contribute to extensive bone infiltration, allowing osteoblast activity to take place.

• Rhinoplasty

  • The open rhinoplasty approach in turn affords the plastic surgeon the advantages of ease in securing the grafts (skin, cartilage, bone) and, most important, in seeing the nasal cartilages proper, and so make the appropriate diagnosis.
  • Occasionally, the surgeon uses either an autologous cartilage graft or a bone graft, or both, in order to strengthen or to alter the nasal contour(s).
  • The autologous grafts usually are harvested from the nasal septum, but, if it has insufficient cartilage (as can occur in a revision rhinoplasty), then either a costal cartilage graft (from the rib cage) or an auricular cartilage graft (concha from the ear) is harvested from the patient's body.
  • When the rhinoplasty requires a bone graft, it is harvested from either the cranium, the hips, or the rib cage.
  • Moreover, when neither type of autologous graft is available, a synthetic graft (nasal implant) is used to augment the nasal bridge.

• Organ Transplants

  • Tissues capable of transplantation include bones, tendons (both referred to as musculoskeletal grafts), corneas, skin grafts, heart valves, and veins.
  • The cornea and musculoskeletal grafts are among the most commonly transplanted tissues.
  • Regulations include criteria for donor screening and testing as well as strict regulations on the processing and distribution of tissue grafts.

• Abnormal Curves of the Vertebral Column

  • In this procedure, bone (either harvested from elsewhere in the body autograft or from a donor allograft) is grafted to the vertebrae so that when it heals they will form one solid bone mass and the vertebral column becomes rigid.

• Skin Grafts

  • Skin grafting is a type of graft surgery involving the transplantation of skin.
  • Skin grafting serves two purposes.
  • The graft is carefully spread on the bare area to be covered.
  • Skin grafting can also be seen as a skin transplant.
  • Skin graft donor site, eight days after the skin was taken

• Cartilage Growth

  • This temporary cartilage is gradually replaced by bone (endochondral ossification), a process that ends at puberty.
  • These include marrow stimulation techniques, including surgeries, stem cell injections, and grafting of cartilage into damaged areas.

• Gross Anatomy

  • All the bones in the body can be described as long bones or flat bones.
  • Bone is made of bone tissue, a type of dense connective tissue.
  • Cortical bone is compact bone, while cancellous bone is trabecular and spongy bone.
  • The outer shell of the long bone is compact bone, below which lies a deeper layer of cancellous bone (spongy bone), as shown in the following figure.
  • These are flat bone, sutural bone, short bone, irregular, sesamoid bone, and long bone.

• Graft Rejection and Tissue Typing

  • Transplant or graft rejection occurs when a transplanted tissue is rejected by the recipient's immune system.
  • Transplant (or graft) rejection occurs when transplanted tissue is rejected by the recipient's immune system, which destroys the transplanted tissue.
  • Describe the role of tissue typing and graft rejection in transplantation

• Breast Augmentation and Reduction

  • Breast augmentation denotes the breast implant and fat-graft mammoplasty procedures for correcting the defects, and for enhancing the size, form, and feel of a woman's breasts.
  • The fat-transfer approach effects the augmentation, and corrects the contour defects of the breast hemisphere with grafts of autologous adipocyte fat tissue.
  • In non-implant breast augmentation practice, some fat-graft injection approaches feature tissue engineering, which is the pre-operative external tissue expansion of the recipient site.
  • In non-surgical practice, the corrective approaches might consist either of an externally-applied vacuum device, which will expand the tissues of the recipient site, or of oral medications; yet, in most instances, the medium-volume, fat-graft augmentation of the breast is limited to one brassière cup-size, or less.